Diet Overlap

Turdus iliacus (Redwing)
Turdus philomelos (Song Thrush)

Common Diet

Cephalotaxus brevifolia (Common yew)
Chamaemespilus alpina (Winterbeam)
Cornus sanguinea (bloodtwig dogwood)
Euonymus europaeus (European spindletree)
Ilex aquifolium (English holly)
Phillyrea latifolia
Prunus spinosa (Blackthorn)
Rhamnus cathartica (Hart's thorn)
Viburnum opulus (European cranberrybush)

Common Habitat

Aegean and Western Turkey sclerophyllous and mixed forests
Aggtelek Biosphere Reserve
Alburni
Alpár-bokrosi tisza-ártéri öblözet
Alpi Carniche
Alps conifer and mixed forests
Alsó-Tisza-völgy
Alte Valli Pesio e Tanaro
Alte Valli Stura e Maira
Alto Garda Bresciano
Amudarya Zapovednik
AMVRAKIKOS KOLPOS, DELTA LOUROU KAI ARACHTHOU (PETRA, MYTIKAS, EVRYTERI PERIOCHI)
AMVRAKIKOS KOLPOS, LIMNOTHALASSA KATAFOURKO KAI KORAKONISIA
Anatolian conifer and deciduous mixed forests
Appenine deciduous montane forests
Arabian Desert and East Sahero-Arabian xeric shrublands
Astrakhanskiy Biosphere Reserve
Atlantic mixed forests
Azerbaijan shrub desert and steppe
Azraq Wetland Reserve
Babia Góra National Park
Bacini ex-zuccherificio di Argelato e Golena del Fiume Reno
Badghyz Zapovednik
Baikalskiy Biosphere Reserve
Balkan mixed forests
Baltic mixed forests
Barguzinskiy Biosphere Reserve
Basso Taro
Beigua - Turchino
Beinn Eighe National Nature Reserve
Belovezhskaya Pushcha Biosphere Reserve
Berezinskiy Zapovednik
Bialowieza National Park
Biotopi e Ripristini ambientali di Bentivoglio, S. Pietro in Casale, Malalbergo e Baricella
Biotopi e Ripristini ambientali di Budrio e Minerbio
Biotopi e Ripristini ambientali di Crevalcore
Biotopi e Ripristini ambientali di Medicina e Molinella
Bocca di Caset
Boschi del Ticino
Boschi e Sorgenti della Baronia
Bosco della Mesola, Bosco Panfilia, Bosco di Santa Giustina, Valle Falce, La Goara
Bosco di Castelvetere in Val Fortore
Bosco Fontana
Cabo Busto-Luanco
Caerlaverock National Nature Reserve
Cairnsmore of Fleet, Silver Flowe, and Merrick Kells
Calamocarro-Benzú
Caledon conifer forests
Canary Islands dry woodlands and forests
Cantabrian mixed forests
Carpathian montane forests
Caspian Hyrcanian mixed forests
Castro Verde
Caucasus
Caucasus mixed forests
Celtic broadleaf forests
Central Anatolian deciduous forests
Central Anatolian steppe
Central European mixed forests
CHERSONISOS SITHONIAS
Codru (Kodry) Zapovednik
Corpo centrale e rupi costiere occidentali dell'Isola di Capri
Corsican montane broadleaf and mixed forests
Costa Brava de Mallorca
Costa tra Punta Tresino e le Ripe Rosse
Crimean Submediterranean forest complex
Cyprus Mediterranean forests
Dana
Darvinsky Zapovednik
DELTA EVROU
DELTA EVROU KAI DYTIKOS VRACHIONAS
DELTA NESTOU KAI LIMNOTHALASSES KERAMOTIS - EVRYTERI PERIOCHI KAI PARAKTIA ZONI
DELTA NESTOU KAI LIMNOTHALASSES KERAMOTIS KAI NISOS THASOPOULA
DESFILADERO DE LOS GAITANES
DESFILADEROS DEL RÍO MARTÍN
Dinaric Mountains mixed forests
Disgrazia - Sissone
DOÑANA
Douro Internacional e Vale do Águeda
Durankulak Lake
East European forest steppe
Eastern Anatolian montane steppe
Eastern Beskid
Eastern Mediterranean conifer-sclerophyllous-broadleaf forests
Elburz Range forest steppe
Elimyssalon alue
Embalses del centro (San Andrés,la Granda, Trasona y la Furta)
Emin Valley steppe
English Lowlands beech forests
Estuário do Tejo
Estuários dos Rios Minho e Coura
Euxine-Colchic broadleaf forests
Évora
Felsõ-kiskunsági szikes puszták és turjánvidék
Flusslandschaft Elbe Biosphere Reserve
Fontanili di Gattatico e Fiume Enza
Foresta di Legnoli
Foresta Umbra
Foret Domaniale du Circeo
Fuentes del Narcea y del Ibias
GALACHOS DE LA ALFRANCA DE PASTRIZ, LA CARTUJA Y EL BURGO DE EBRO
Galichia Gora Zapovednik
Garzaia della Carola
Garzaia di Cascina Villarasca
Garzaie del Parco Adda Sud
Gessi Bolognesi, Calanchi dell'Abbadessa
Grigne
HOCES DEL RÍO RIAZA
Hortobágy National Park
Iberian conifer forests
Iberian sclerophyllous and semi-deciduous forests
Illyrian deciduous forests
Irano-Anatolian
Iskmo ön
Isle of Rum National Nature Reserve
Isola Boscone
Isola di Vivara
Isola Mal di Ventre
Italian sclerophyllous and semi-deciduous forests
Izsáki Kolon-tó
Joutsenaapa - Kaita-aapa
Juortanansalon alue
Karadagskiy Zapovednik
Karkonosze
KATO OLYMPOS, OROS GODAMANI KAI KOILADA RODIAS
Keurunmäki-Haavikkolehto
Khazar Zapovednik
Killarney National Park
Kiskunsag Biosphere Reserve
Kiskunsági szikes tavak és az õrjegi turjánvidék
KOILADA ACHELOOU KAI ORI VALTOU
Kola Peninsula tundra
Kopetdagh Zapovednik
Krkonose
Kugitang Zapovednik
Kuluntajärvi
La Bora
La Mola i s'Albufera de Fornells
Laajalahti
Lago di Mezzola e Pian di Spagna
Lagorai
LAGUNA DE FUENTE DE PIEDRA
Laidauredeltat
Lake Torne Area
Lanca di Gussola
Laplandskiy Biosphere Reserve
Le Cesine
LIMNES KAI LIMNOTHALASSES TIS THRAKIS - EVRYTERI PERIOCHI KAI PARAKTIA ZONI
LIMNES VISTONIS, ISMARIS - LIMNOTHALASSES PORTO LAGOS, ALYKI PTELEA, XIROLIMNI, KARATZA
LIMNI KERKINI - KROUSIA - KORYFES OROUS BELES, ANGISTRO - CHAROPO
LIMNI STYMFALIA
LIMNOTHALASSA KALOGRIAS, DASOS STROFYLIAS KAI ELOS LAMIAS, ARAXOS
Luberon
Luiron suot
Marjovuori
Matese
Medio Taro
Mediterranean acacia-argania dry woodlands and succulent thickets
Mediterranean Basin
Mediterranean conifer and mixed forests
Mediterranean High Atlas juniper steppe
Mediterranean woodlands and forests
Merenkurkun saaristo
Mesopotamian shrub desert
Middle East steppe
Monchique
Monforte
Monte Barro
Monte Cervati e dintorni
Monte dei Sette Fratelli
Monte Ortobene
MONTES DE ZUERA, CASTEJÓN DE VALDEJASA Y EL CASTELLAR
Montesinho/Nogueira
Monticchie
Mordovsky Zapovednik
Mountains of Central Asia
Mourão/Moura/Barrancos
Muniellos
Murgia Alta
Neusiedler See-Osterreichischer Teil
North Atlantic moist mixed forests
North Bull Island
North Norfolk Coast
North Norfolk Coast Biosphere Reserve
Northeastern Spain and Southern France Mediterranean forests
Northern Anatolian conifer and deciduous forests
Northwest Iberian montane forests
Northwest Russian-Novaya Zemlya tundra
NOTIO DASIKO SYMPLEGMA EVROU
NOTIOANATOLIKOS PARNASSOS - ETHNIKOS DRYMOS PARNASSOU - DASOS TITHOREAS
NOTIODYTIKI CHERSONISOS, APOLITHOMENO DASOS LESVOU
Okskiy Biosphere Reserve
Olkijokisuu-Pattijoen pohjoishaara
ORI VOREIOU VOURINOU KAI MELLIA
OROPEDIO FOLOIS
OROS KANTILI
OROS OLYMPOS LESVOU
OROS OSSA
OROS OTHRYS, VOUNA GKOURAS KAI FARANGI PALAIOKERASIAS
OROS PARNASSOS
OROS YMITTOS
Palava Protected Landscape Area
Pannonian mixed forests
PARAPOTAMIO DASOS VOREIOU EVROU KAI ARDA
Parco Del Cilento e Vallo de Diano
Parco Naturale Adamello
Parco Regionale Oglio Sud
Parco Regionale Orobie Bergamasche
Parco Regionale Orobie Valtellinesi
Paul do Boquilobo
Paul do Boquilobo Biosphere Reserve
Pechoro-Ilychskiy Biosphere Reserve
Penarronda-Barayo
Persian Gulf desert and semi-desert
Piana di Semestene, Bonorva, Macomer e Bortigali
Piçarras
Picentini
Pindus Mountains mixed forests
Po Basin mixed forests
Polana Biosphere Reserve
Ponga- Amieva
Ponga-Amieva
Pontic steppe
Prespa National Park
Prioksko-Terrasny Biosphere Reserve
Puszcza Kampinoska
Pyrenees conifer and mixed forests
Rahjan saaristo
Red Sea Nubo-Sindian tropical desert and semi-desert
Redes
Registan-North Pakistan sandy desert
Reguengos
Repetek Biosphere Reserve
Reserva de la Biosfera de Urdaibai
Reserve de la Biosphere d'Iroise
Reserve de la Biosphere des Vosges du Nord
Reserve Nationale de Camargue Biosphere Reserve
Ría de Ribadesella-Ría de Tinamayor
Ría de Villaviciosa
Ría del Eo
Ria Formosa
RÍO HUERVA Y LAS PLANAS
Rios Sabor e Maçãs
Risaie della Lomellina
Riserva Regionale Bosco dei Bordighi
Riserva Regionale Bosco Ronchetti
Riserva Regionale Fontanile Nuovo
Riserva Regionale Garzaia di Pomponesco
Riserva Regionale Lanca di Gerole
Riserva Regionale Paluaccio di Oga
Rödkallen-SörÄspen
Rodope montane mixed forests
Ruegen
Rummelön-Harrbådan
S'Albufera des Grau
Salina di Cervia
San Genesio
Sanemossen
São Vicente
Sarmatic mixed forests
Savuniemi ja Kipansalo
Sayan Alpine meadows and tundra
Sayano-Shushenskiy Biosphere Reserve
Scandinavian and Russian taiga
Scandinavian coastal conifer forests
Scandinavian Montane Birch forest and grasslands
Serra do Gerês
SERRETA DE TRAMACED
Ses Salines d'Eivissa i Formentera
Severn Estuary/ Môr Hafren
Sidländet
Siepi e Canali di Resega - Foresto
SIERRA DE ALCUBIERRE
SIERRA DE GREDOS
SIERRA DE MONCAYO - LOS FAYOS - SIERRA DE ARMAS
SIERRA DE SIRUELA
SIERRA SUBBETICA
SIERRAS DE CAZORLA, SEGURA Y LAS VILLAS
Somiedo
South Appenine mixed montane forests
Southeastern Iberian shrubs and woodlands
Southern Anatolian montane conifer and deciduous forests
Southwest Iberian Mediterranean sclerophyllous and mixed forests
Spreewald
St. Kilda National Nature Reserve
STENA NESTOU
Stora Sjofallet National Park
Syunt-Khasardagh Zapovednik
Taynish National Nature Reserve
Tejo Internacional, Erges e Pônsul
Testa del Gargano
Teuravuoma-Kivijärvenvuoma
Tian Shan foothill arid steppe
Tian Shan montane conifer forests
Tian Shan montane steppe and meadows
Torbiere d'Iseo
Torre da Bolsa
Trebon Basin Protected Landscape Area
Tsentral'no-Chernozemny Biosphere Reserve
Tsentral'no-Lesnoy Biosphere Reserve
Tsentral'no-Sibirskiy Biosphere Reserve
Tyrrhenian-Adriatic sclerophyllous and mixed forests
Val Caffaro
Val di Scalve
Val Grigna
Vale do Guadiana
Vallazza
Valle dei Ratti - Cime di Gaiazzo
Valle del Mezzano, Valle Pega
Vallée supérieure de l'Alzette
Valli del Mincio
Valli di Argenta
Valli di Comacchio
Valli Mirandolesi
Veiros
Vesuvio e Monte Somma
Viadana, Portiolo, San Benedetto Po e Ostiglia
Viiankiaapa
Vila Fernando
Voronezhskiy Biosphere Reserve
Western European broadleaf forests
Zagros Mountains forest steppe

Attributes / relations provided by
♦ 1Birds and berries: a study of an ecological interaction. Calton, Great Britain, Snow B.K., Snow D.W., 1988, T & AD Poyser. 268 p.
♦ 2VARIATIONS IN SPINDLE EUONYMUS EUROPAEUS CONSUMPTION BY FRUGIVOROUS BIRDS DURING THE FRUITING SEASON, Ángel HERNÁNDEZ, Ardeola 50(2), 2003, 171-180
♦ 3Recruitment of a Mast-Fruiting, Bird-Dispersed Tree: Bridging Frugivore Activity and Seedling Establishment, Carlos M. Herrera, Pedro Jordano, Luis López-Soria, Juan A. Amat, Ecological Monographs, 64(3), 1994, pp. 315-344
♦ 4Birds and guelder rose Viburnum opulus: selective consumption and dispersal via regurgitation of small-sized fruits and seeds, Ángel Hernández, Plant Ecol (2009) 203:111–122