World Species : Protected Area : Monchique

Monchique

Location:	Portugal
Area:	187,820 acres (76,008 hectares)
Species:	All Endangered Invasive
Climate:	View Climate Data
Land Use:	View Land Use Data
Köppen climate classification:	Csa (Climate: warm temperate; Precipitation: summer dry; Temperature: hot summer)
Natura 2000 Data Sheet:	View Data Sheet Explanatory notes

Ecoregions

Southwest Iberian Mediterranean sclerophyllous and mixed forests

Soils

— Protected Area Boundary

	A						B							C				D						E

Share	35 %	20 %	15 %	15 %	5 %	5 %	60 %	10 %	2 %	2 %	2 %	2 %	2 %	60 %	30 %	3 %	3 %	40 %	20 %	20 %	7 %	7 %	6 %	70 %	8 %	8 %	7 %	7 %
Soil Type	Eutric Regosols	Eutric Cambisols	Dystric Regosols	Lithic Leptosols	Haplic Luvisols	Haplic Acrisols	Humic Cambisols	Lithic Leptosols	Umbric Leptosols	Dystric Fluvisols	Dystric Cambisols	Haplic Luvisols	Chromic Luvisols	Haplic Luvisols	Lithic Leptosols	Chromic Luvisols	Eutric Vertisols	Ferric Luvisols	Haplic Luvisols	Chromic Luvisols	Vertic Luvisols	Eutric Fluvisols	Ferric Acrisols	Ferric Luvisols	Gleyic Luvisols	Eutric Cambisols	Eutric Planosols	Plinthic Acrisols
Topsoil Texture	Medium	Medium	Medium	Medium	Medium	Coarse	Medium	Medium	Coarse	Medium	Coarse	Medium	Medium	Medium	Medium	Medium	Medium	Medium	Medium	Medium	Medium	Medium	Coarse	Coarse	Coarse	Coarse	Coarse	Coarse
Reference Depth	100 cm	100 cm	100 cm	10 cm	100 cm	100 cm	100 cm	10 cm	30 cm	100 cm	100 cm	100 cm	100 cm	100 cm	10 cm	100 cm	100 cm	100 cm	100 cm	100 cm	100 cm	100 cm	100 cm	100 cm	100 cm	100 cm	100 cm	100 cm
Drainage	Moderately well	Moderately well	Moderately well	Imperfectly	Moderately well	Moderately well	Imperfectly	Imperfectly	Moderately well	Poor	Moderately well	Imperfectly	Imperfectly	Imperfectly	Imperfectly	Imperfectly	Poor	Imperfectly	Imperfectly	Imperfectly	Moderately well	Poor	Moderately well	Moderately well	Poor	Well	Poor	Poor
Available Water Capacity	150 m	150 m	150 m	15 mm	150 m	50 m	50 m	0 mm	15 mm	150 m	15 m	15 m	15 m	15 m	0 mm	15 m	125 m	15 m	15 m	50 m	150 m	150 m	50 m	50 m	15 m	15 m	100 m	50 m
Phase 1							Lithic	Gravelly	Stony		Lithic	Lithic	Lithic	Lithic	Gravelly	Lithic		Lithic	Lithic	Lithic			Gravelly	Gravelly	Gravelly	Gravelly		Gravelly
Phase 2								Stony				Gravelly	Gravelly	Gravelly	Stony	Stony		Gravelly	Gravelly
Root Obstacle	40 - 60 cm	60 - 80 cm	40 - 60 cm		40 - 60 cm	20 - 40 cm	60 - 80 cm			None to 80 cm	60 - 80 cm	40 - 60 cm	40 - 60 cm	20 - 40 cm		40 - 60 cm	None to 80 cm	40 - 60 cm	20 - 40 cm	40 - 60 cm	None to 80 cm	None to 80 cm	None to 80 cm	None to 80 cm	None to 80 cm	60 - 80 cm	None to 80 cm	None to 80 cm
Impermeable Layer					None to 150 cm	0 - 40 cm	None to 150 cm			None to 150 cm	None to 150 cm	None to 150 cm	None to 150 cm	None to 150 cm		None to 150 cm	None to 150 cm	None to 150 cm	None to 150 cm	None to 150 cm	None to 150 cm	None to 150 cm	None to 150 cm	None to 150 cm	0 - 40 cm	None to 150 cm	40 - 80 cm	None to 150 cm
Soil Water Regime	Not wet within 80 cm for over 3 months, nor wet within 40 cm for over 1 month	Not wet within 80 cm for over 3 months, nor wet within 40 cm for over 1 month	Not wet within 80 cm for over 3 months, nor wet within 40 cm for over 1 month		Not wet within 80 cm for over 3 months, nor wet within 40 cm for over 1 month	Wet within 80 cm for 3 to 6 months, but not wet within 40 cm for over 1 month	Not wet within 80 cm for over 3 months, nor wet within 40 cm for over 1 month			Not wet within 80 cm for over 3 months, nor wet within 40 cm for over 1 month	Not wet within 80 cm for over 3 months, nor wet within 40 cm for over 1 month	Not wet within 80 cm for over 3 months, nor wet within 40 cm for over 1 month	Not wet within 80 cm for over 3 months, nor wet within 40 cm for over 1 month	Not wet within 80 cm for over 3 months, nor wet within 40 cm for over 1 month		Not wet within 80 cm for over 3 months, nor wet within 40 cm for over 1 month	Not wet within 80 cm for over 3 months, nor wet within 40 cm for over 1 month	Not wet within 80 cm for over 3 months, nor wet within 40 cm for over 1 month	Not wet within 80 cm for over 3 months, nor wet within 40 cm for over 1 month	Not wet within 80 cm for over 3 months, nor wet within 40 cm for over 1 month	Not wet within 80 cm for over 3 months, nor wet within 40 cm for over 1 month	Wet within 80 cm for 3 to 6 months, but not wet within 40 cm for over 1 month	Not wet within 80 cm for over 3 months, nor wet within 40 cm for over 1 month	Not wet within 80 cm for over 3 months, nor wet within 40 cm for over 1 month	Wet within 80 cm over 6 months, but not wet within 40 cm for over 11 month	Not wet within 80 cm for over 3 months, nor wet within 40 cm for over 1 month	Wet within 80 cm over 6 months, but not wet within 40 cm for over 11 month	Not wet within 80 cm for over 3 months, nor wet within 40 cm for over 1 month
Misc. Property																	Vertic (cracks of more than 1 cm wide)				Vertic (cracks of more than 1 cm wide)
Topsoil Properties
Gravel	25 %	9 %	19 %	21 %	4 %	4 %	8 %	21 %	10 %	4 %	10 %	4 %	12 %	4 %	21 %	12 %	7 %	5 %	4 %	12 %	5 %	4 %	4 %	4 %	4 %	10 %	4 %	4 %
Sand	47 %	42 %	42 %	42 %	41 %	81 %	41 %	42 %	79 %	47 %	75 %	41 %	48 %	41 %	42 %	48 %	44 %	53 %	41 %	48 %	42 %	39 %	77 %	80 %	80 %	77 %	80 %	77 %
Silt	34 %	36 %	37 %	34 %	37 %	9 %	36 %	34 %	13 %	33 %	15 %	37 %	28 %	37 %	34 %	28 %	27 %	24 %	37 %	28 %	31 %	40 %	12 %	12 %	11 %	14 %	11 %	12 %
Clay	19 %	22 %	21 %	24 %	22 %	10 %	23 %	24 %	8 %	20 %	10 %	22 %	24 %	22 %	24 %	24 %	29 %	23 %	22 %	24 %	27 %	21 %	11 %	8 %	9 %	9 %	9 %	11 %
USDA Texture	Loam	Loam	Loam	Loam	Loam	Sandy loam	Loam	Loam	Loamy sand	Loam	Sandy loam	Loam	Loam	Loam	Loam	Loam	Clay loam	Sandy clay loam	Loam	Loam	Clay loam	Loam	Sandy loam	Loamy sand	Loamy sand	Sandy loam	Sandy loam	Sandy loam
Reference Bulk Density	1.43 g/cm³	1.4 g/cm³	1.41 g/cm³	1.38 g/cm³	1.4 g/cm³	1.59 g/cm³	1.39 g/cm³	1.38 g/cm³	1.62 g/cm³	1.42 g/cm³	1.58 g/cm³	1.4 g/cm³	1.4 g/cm³	1.4 g/cm³	1.38 g/cm³	1.4 g/cm³	1.36 g/cm³	1.41 g/cm³	1.4 g/cm³	1.4 g/cm³	1.37 g/cm³	1.4 g/cm³	1.57 g/cm³	1.62 g/cm³	1.6 g/cm³	1.6 g/cm³	1.6 g/cm³	1.57 g/cm³
Bulk Density	1.21 g/cm³	1.37 g/cm³	1.33 g/cm³	1.3 g/cm³	1.43 g/cm³	1.44 g/cm³	1.1 g/cm³	1.3 g/cm³	1.45 g/cm³	1.33 g/cm³	1.49 g/cm³	1.43 g/cm³	1.53 g/cm³	1.43 g/cm³	1.3 g/cm³	1.53 g/cm³	1.29 g/cm³	1.56 g/cm³	1.43 g/cm³	1.53 g/cm³	1.3 g/cm³	1.36 g/cm³	1.46 g/cm³	1.5 g/cm³	1.44 g/cm³	1.5 g/cm³	1.45 g/cm³	1.49 g/cm³
Organic Carbon	0.98 %	1 %	1.39 %	1.61 %	0.74 %	0.5 %	2.72 %	1.61 %	2.59 %	1.05 %	0.7 %	0.74 %	0.83 %	0.74 %	1.61 %	0.83 %	1.5 %	0.96 %	0.74 %	0.83 %	0.48 %	0.86 %	0.53 %	0.55 %	0.63 %	0.7 %	0.5 %	0.57 %
PH	6.4	6.6	5.1	7.5	6.5	5.5	5.3	7.5	4.7	4.8	5.1	6.5	6.3	6.5	7.5	6.3	6.7	6.3	6.5	6.3	7.2	7.2	5.7	6.4	6.5	6.9	5.9	5.2
Clay Cation Exchange Capacity	40 cmol kg⁻¹	55 cmol kg⁻¹	23 cmol kg⁻¹	42 cmol kg⁻¹	47 cmol kg⁻¹	19 cmol kg⁻¹	52 cmol kg⁻¹	42 cmol kg⁻¹	24 cmol kg⁻¹	21 cmol kg⁻¹	21 cmol kg⁻¹	47 cmol kg⁻¹	39 cmol kg⁻¹	47 cmol kg⁻¹	42 cmol kg⁻¹	39 cmol kg⁻¹	59 cmol kg⁻¹	30 cmol kg⁻¹	47 cmol kg⁻¹	39 cmol kg⁻¹	63 cmol kg⁻¹	63 cmol kg⁻¹	18 cmol kg⁻¹	38 cmol kg⁻¹	54 cmol kg⁻¹	49 cmol kg⁻¹	27 cmol kg⁻¹	16 cmol kg⁻¹
Soil Cation Exchange Capacity	12 cmol kg⁻¹	16 cmol kg⁻¹	11 cmol kg⁻¹	16 cmol kg⁻¹	13 cmol kg⁻¹	3 cmol kg⁻¹	21 cmol kg⁻¹	16 cmol kg⁻¹	8 cmol kg⁻¹	7 cmol kg⁻¹	5 cmol kg⁻¹	13 cmol kg⁻¹	12 cmol kg⁻¹	13 cmol kg⁻¹	16 cmol kg⁻¹	12 cmol kg⁻¹	24 cmol kg⁻¹	9 cmol kg⁻¹	13 cmol kg⁻¹	12 cmol kg⁻¹	20 cmol kg⁻¹	16 cmol kg⁻¹	3 cmol kg⁻¹	5 cmol kg⁻¹	6 cmol kg⁻¹	7 cmol kg⁻¹	5 cmol kg⁻¹	4 cmol kg⁻¹
Base Saturation	78 %	93 %	24 %	100 %	91 %	72 %	25 %	100 %	86 %	36 %	28 %	91 %	88 %	91 %	100 %	88 %	86 %	90 %	91 %	88 %	99 %	91 %	75 %	77 %	83 %	91 %	88 %	69 %
Total Exchangeable Bases	14 cmol kg⁻¹	14 cmol kg⁻¹	3 cmol kg⁻¹	15.5 cmol kg⁻¹	11 cmol kg⁻¹	3.6 cmol kg⁻¹	5.4 cmol kg⁻¹	15.5 cmol kg⁻¹	5.2 cmol kg⁻¹	2.6 cmol kg⁻¹	1.5 cmol kg⁻¹	11 cmol kg⁻¹	10 cmol kg⁻¹	11 cmol kg⁻¹	15.5 cmol kg⁻¹	10 cmol kg⁻¹	19.5 cmol kg⁻¹	6.9 cmol kg⁻¹	11 cmol kg⁻¹	10 cmol kg⁻¹	22.1 cmol kg⁻¹	16.9 cmol kg⁻¹	3.3 cmol kg⁻¹	3.7 cmol kg⁻¹	6.1 cmol kg⁻¹	6.7 cmol kg⁻¹	5.1 cmol kg⁻¹	2 cmol kg⁻¹
Calcium Carbonate	0 %	0 %	0 %	3.9 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	3.9 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	3.9 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0.3 %	0.5 %	0 %	0.1 %	0.1 %	0.1 %	0 %	0 %
Calcium Sulphate	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0.1 %	0 %	0 %	0 %
Exchangeable Sodium	1 %	2 %	1 %	3 %	1 %	3 %	1 %	3 %	0 %	2 %	5 %	1 %	1 %	1 %	3 %	1 %	2 %	2 %	1 %	1 %	1 %	2 %	3 %	2 %	2 %	2 %	3 %	3 %
Electrical Conductivity	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1
Subsoil Properties
Gravel	28 %	12 %	26 %		3 %	6 %	6 %			8 %	9 %	3 %	8 %	3 %		8 %	3 %	7 %	3 %	8 %	7 %	7 %	10 %	5 %	5 %	20 %	7 %	8 %
Sand	51 %	41 %	46 %		37 %	67 %	44 %			51 %	68 %	37 %	41 %	37 %		41 %	40 %	42 %	37 %	41 %	34 %	41 %	67 %	67 %	68 %	67 %	63 %	63 %
Silt	31 %	34 %	34 %		34 %	10 %	32 %			29 %	17 %	34 %	25 %	34 %		25 %	23 %	23 %	34 %	25 %	28 %	38 %	11 %	11 %	10 %	16 %	12 %	12 %
Clay	18 %	25 %	20 %		29 %	23 %	24 %			20 %	15 %	29 %	34 %	29 %		34 %	37 %	35 %	29 %	34 %	38 %	21 %	22 %	22 %	22 %	17 %	25 %	25 %
USDA Texture	Loam	Loam	Loam		Clay loam	Sandy clay loam	Loam			Loam	Sandy loam	Clay loam	Clay loam	Clay loam		Clay loam	Clay loam	Clay loam	Clay loam	Clay loam	Clay loam	Loam	Sandy clay loam	Sandy clay loam	Sandy clay loam	Sandy loam	Sandy clay loam	Sandy clay loam
Reference Bulk Density	1.44 g/cm³	1.38 g/cm³	1.42 g/cm³		1.35 g/cm³	1.44 g/cm³	1.39 g/cm³			1.43 g/cm³	1.51 g/cm³	1.35 g/cm³	1.33 g/cm³	1.35 g/cm³		1.33 g/cm³	1.32 g/cm³	1.33 g/cm³	1.35 g/cm³	1.33 g/cm³	1.3 g/cm³	1.4 g/cm³	1.44 g/cm³	1.45 g/cm³	1.45 g/cm³	1.48 g/cm³	1.42 g/cm³	1.42 g/cm³
Bulk Density	1.45 g/cm³	1.39 g/cm³	1.48 g/cm³		1.51 g/cm³	1.5 g/cm³	1.16 g/cm³			1.39 g/cm³	1.5 g/cm³	1.51 g/cm³	1.51 g/cm³	1.51 g/cm³		1.51 g/cm³	1.35 g/cm³	1.47 g/cm³	1.51 g/cm³	1.51 g/cm³	1.47 g/cm³	1.39 g/cm³	1.5 g/cm³	1.5 g/cm³	1.55 g/cm³	1.5 g/cm³	1.63 g/cm³	1.55 g/cm³
Organic Carbon	0.4 %	0.37 %	0.6 %		0.36 %	0.3 %	1.07 %			0.41 %	0.27 %	0.36 %	0.4 %	0.36 %		0.4 %	0.65 %	0.4 %	0.36 %	0.4 %	0.38 %	0.38 %	0.29 %	0.31 %	0.3 %	0.4 %	0.28 %	0.25 %
PH	6.9	7	4.9		6.7	5.2	5.3			4.9	5	6.7	6.4	6.7		6.4	7.2	6.3	6.7	6.4	7.4	7.5	5.3	6.3	6.4	7.3	6.3	4.9
Clay Cation Exchange Capacity	56 cmol kg⁻¹	55 cmol kg⁻¹	28 cmol kg⁻¹		50 cmol kg⁻¹	13 cmol kg⁻¹	37 cmol kg⁻¹			20 cmol kg⁻¹	31 cmol kg⁻¹	50 cmol kg⁻¹	41 cmol kg⁻¹	50 cmol kg⁻¹		41 cmol kg⁻¹	67 cmol kg⁻¹	33 cmol kg⁻¹	50 cmol kg⁻¹	41 cmol kg⁻¹	69 cmol kg⁻¹	61 cmol kg⁻¹	15 cmol kg⁻¹	29 cmol kg⁻¹	43 cmol kg⁻¹	48 cmol kg⁻¹	36 cmol kg⁻¹	12 cmol kg⁻¹
Soil Cation Exchange Capacity	11 cmol kg⁻¹	15 cmol kg⁻¹	6 cmol kg⁻¹		14 cmol kg⁻¹	3 cmol kg⁻¹	14 cmol kg⁻¹			7 cmol kg⁻¹	5 cmol kg⁻¹	14 cmol kg⁻¹	15 cmol kg⁻¹	14 cmol kg⁻¹		15 cmol kg⁻¹	27 cmol kg⁻¹	11 cmol kg⁻¹	14 cmol kg⁻¹	15 cmol kg⁻¹	27 cmol kg⁻¹	14 cmol kg⁻¹	4 cmol kg⁻¹	7 cmol kg⁻¹	9 cmol kg⁻¹	8 cmol kg⁻¹	11 cmol kg⁻¹	3 cmol kg⁻¹
Base Saturation	89 %	93 %	21 %		93 %	42 %	30 %			29 %	36 %	93 %	90 %	93 %		90 %	90 %	83 %	93 %	90 %	98 %	96 %	46 %	69 %	80 %	91 %	98 %	47 %
Total Exchangeable Bases	10.3 cmol kg⁻¹	15.1 cmol kg⁻¹	1.8 cmol kg⁻¹		13.1 cmol kg⁻¹	2.4 cmol kg⁻¹	2.5 cmol kg⁻¹			2 cmol kg⁻¹	1.4 cmol kg⁻¹	13.1 cmol kg⁻¹	12 cmol kg⁻¹	13.1 cmol kg⁻¹		12 cmol kg⁻¹	23.9 cmol kg⁻¹	8.8 cmol kg⁻¹	13.1 cmol kg⁻¹	12 cmol kg⁻¹	25.8 cmol kg⁻¹	15.2 cmol kg⁻¹	2.1 cmol kg⁻¹	5.4 cmol kg⁻¹	5.9 cmol kg⁻¹	9.3 cmol kg⁻¹	13.5 cmol kg⁻¹	2 cmol kg⁻¹
Calcium Carbonate	0 %	0.1 %	0 %		0 %	0 %	0 %			0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %		0 %	0.1 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	6 %	2.5 %	0 %	0 %	0.1 %	0.1 %	0 %	0 %
Calcium Sulphate	0 %	0 %	0 %		0 %	0 %	0 %			0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %		0 %	0.1 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0.1 %	0 %	0 %	0 %
Exchangeable Sodium	2 %	2 %	1 %		1 %	3 %	2 %			2 %	5 %	1 %	1 %	1 %		1 %	2 %	2 %	1 %	1 %	4 %	3 %	4 %	2 %	1 %	2 %	3 %	3 %
Electrical Conductivity	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1		0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1			0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1		0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1

Soil data provided by FAO/IIASA/ISRIC/ISSCAS/JRC, 2012. Harmonized World Soil Database (version 1.2). FAO, Rome, Italy and IIASA, Laxenburg, Austria.

Köppen climate classification provided by Kottek, M., J. Grieser, C. Beck, B. Rudolf, and F. Rubel, 2006: World Map of Köppen-Geiger Climate Classification updated. Meteorol. Z., 15, 259-263