Animalia > Chordata > Aves > Passeriformes > Emberizidae > Pipilo > Pipilo erythrophthalmus

Pipilo erythrophthalmus (Rufous-sided Towhee; Eastern Towhee)

Synonyms: Fringilla erythrophthalma (homotypic); Pipilo erythropthalmus
Language: French; Spanish

Wikipedia Abstract

The eastern towhee (Pipilo erythrophthalmus) is a large New World sparrow. The taxonomy of the towhees has been under debate in recent decades, and formerly this bird and the spotted towhee were considered a single species, the rufous-sided towhee. Their breeding habitat is brushy areas across eastern North America. They nest either low in bushes or on the ground under shrubs. Northern birds migrate to the southern United States. There has been one record of this species as a vagrant to western Europe; a single bird in Great Britain in 1966.
View Wikipedia Record: Pipilo erythrophthalmus

Infraspecies

Pipilo erythrophthalmus alleni
Pipilo erythrophthalmus canaster
Pipilo erythrophthalmus erythrophthalmus
Pipilo erythrophthalmus rileyi

EDGE Analysis

Uniqueness Scale: Similiar (0) 
1
 Unique (100)
Uniqueness & Vulnerability Scale: Similiar & Secure (0) 
9
 Unique & Vulnerable (100)
ED Score: 2.90687
EDGE Score: 1.36274
Learn more at EDGE of Existence programme

Attributes

Adult Weight [1]  40 grams
Birth Weight [3]  3 grams
Breeding Habitat [2]  Temperate eastern forests
Wintering Geography [2]  Southeastern U.S.
Wintering Habitat [2]  Temperate eastern forests
Diet [4]  Carnivore (Invertebrates), Frugivore, Granivore
Diet - Fruit [4]  30 %
Diet - Invertibrates [4]  30 %
Diet - Seeds [4]  40 %
Forages - Understory [4]  20 %
Forages - Ground [4]  80 %
Clutch Size [5]  4
Clutches / Year [1]  2
Fledging [1]  11 days
Global Population (2017 est.) [2]  28,000,000
Incubation [3]  12 days
Mating System [7]  Monogamy
Maximum Longevity [3]  12 years
Migration [6]  Intracontinental
Female Maturity [3]  1 year
Male Maturity [3]  1 year

Ecoregions

Protected Areas

+ Click for partial list (100)Full list (233)

Biodiversity Hotspots

Name Location Endemic Species Website
California Floristic Province Mexico, United States No
Madrean Pine-Oak Woodlands Mexico, United States No

Predators

Accipiter cooperii (Cooper's Hawk)[8]
Accipiter striatus (Sharp-shinned Hawk)[8]
Buteo platypterus (Broad-winged Hawk)[8]
Strix varia (Barred Owl)[8]

Consumers

Parasitized by 
Dasypsyllus gallinulae perpinnatus[9]

Range Map

External References

NatureServe Explorer

Audio

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Provided by Birds Of A Feather on Myxer

Citations

Attributes / relations provided by
♦ 1Nathan P. Myhrvold, Elita Baldridge, Benjamin Chan, Dhileep Sivam, Daniel L. Freeman, and S. K. Morgan Ernest. 2015. An amniote life-history database to perform comparative analyses with birds, mammals, and reptiles. Ecology 96:3109
♦ 2Partners in Flight Avian Conservation Assessment Database, version 2017. Accessed on January 2018.
♦ 3de Magalhaes, J. P., and Costa, J. (2009) A database of vertebrate longevity records and their relation to other life-history traits. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 22(8):1770-1774
♦ 4Hamish Wilman, Jonathan Belmaker, Jennifer Simpson, Carolina de la Rosa, Marcelo M. Rivadeneira, and Walter Jetz. 2014. EltonTraits 1.0: Species-level foraging attributes of the world's birds and mammals. Ecology 95:2027
♦ 5Jetz W, Sekercioglu CH, Böhning-Gaese K (2008) The Worldwide Variation in Avian Clutch Size across Species and Space PLoS Biol 6(12): e303. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0060303
♦ 6Myers, P., R. Espinosa, C. S. Parr, T. Jones, G. S. Hammond, and T. A. Dewey. 2006. The Animal Diversity Web (online). Accessed February 01, 2010 at animaldiversity.org
♦ 7Terje Lislevand, Jordi Figuerola, and Tamás Székely. 2007. Avian body sizes in relation to fecundity, mating system, display behavior, and resource sharing. Ecology 88:1605
♦ 8Jorrit H. Poelen, James D. Simons and Chris J. Mungall. (2014). Global Biotic Interactions: An open infrastructure to share and analyze species-interaction datasets. Ecological Informatics.
♦ 9International Flea Database
Ecoregions provided by World Wide Fund For Nature (WWF). WildFinder: Online database of species distributions, ver. 01.06 Wildfinder Database
Biodiversity Hotspots provided by Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund
Abstract provided by DBpedia licensed under a Creative Commons License
Audio software provided by SoundManager 2
Species taxanomy provided by GBIF Secretariat (2022). GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. Checklist dataset https://doi.org/10.15468/39omei accessed via GBIF.org on 2023-06-13; License: CC BY 4.0