Diet Overlap

Turdus iliacus (Redwing)
Sylvia atricapilla (Eurasian Blackcap)

Common Diet

Arbutus unedo (strawberry tree)
Euonymus europaeus (European spindletree)
Ilex aquifolium (English holly)
Phillyrea latifolia

Common Habitat

Aegean and Western Turkey sclerophyllous and mixed forests
Aggtelek Biosphere Reserve
Alpár-bokrosi tisza-ártéri öblözet
Alps conifer and mixed forests
Alsó-Tisza-völgy
Alte Valli Pesio e Tanaro
Alte Valli Stura e Maira
Alto Garda Bresciano
AMVRAKIKOS KOLPOS, DELTA LOUROU KAI ARACHTHOU (PETRA, MYTIKAS, EVRYTERI PERIOCHI)
AMVRAKIKOS KOLPOS, LIMNOTHALASSA KATAFOURKO KAI KORAKONISIA
Anatolian conifer and deciduous mixed forests
Appenine deciduous montane forests
Arabako Hegoaldeko Mendilerroak / Sierras Meridionales de Álava
Arabian Desert and East Sahero-Arabian xeric shrublands
Astrakhanskiy Biosphere Reserve
Atlantic mixed forests
Azerbaijan shrub desert and steppe
Azraq Wetland Reserve
Babia Góra National Park
Bacini ex-zuccherificio di Argelato e Golena del Fiume Reno
Balkan mixed forests
Baltic mixed forests
Basso Taro
Beigua - Turchino
Beinn Eighe National Nature Reserve
Belovezhskaya Pushcha Biosphere Reserve
Berezinskiy Zapovednik
Bialowieza National Park
Biotopi e Ripristini ambientali di Bentivoglio, S. Pietro in Casale, Malalbergo e Baricella
Biotopi e Ripristini ambientali di Budrio e Minerbio
Biotopi e Ripristini ambientali di Crevalcore
Biotopi e Ripristini ambientali di Medicina e Molinella
Bocca di Caset
Boschi del Ticino
Bosco della Mesola, Bosco Panfilia, Bosco di Santa Giustina, Valle Falce, La Goara
Caerlaverock National Nature Reserve
Calamocarro-Benzú
Caledon conifer forests
Canary Islands dry woodlands and forests
Cantabrian mixed forests
Carpathian montane forests
Caspian Hyrcanian mixed forests
Caucasus
Caucasus mixed forests
Celtic broadleaf forests
Central Anatolian deciduous forests
Central European mixed forests
CHERSONISOS SITHONIAS
Codru (Kodry) Zapovednik
Corpo centrale e rupi costiere occidentali dell'Isola di Capri
Corsican montane broadleaf and mixed forests
Costa Brava de Mallorca
Crimean Submediterranean forest complex
Cyprus Mediterranean forests
Dana
Darvinsky Zapovednik
DELTA EVROU
DELTA EVROU KAI DYTIKOS VRACHIONAS
DELTA NESTOU KAI LIMNOTHALASSES KERAMOTIS - EVRYTERI PERIOCHI KAI PARAKTIA ZONI
DELTA NESTOU KAI LIMNOTHALASSES KERAMOTIS KAI NISOS THASOPOULA
DESFILADERO DE LOS GAITANES
DESFILADEROS DEL RÍO MARTÍN
Dinaric Mountains mixed forests
Disgrazia - Sissone
DOÑANA
Durankulak Lake
Dyfi National Nature Reserve
East European forest steppe
East Siberian taiga
Eastern Anatolian montane steppe
Eastern Beskid
Eastern Mediterranean conifer-sclerophyllous-broadleaf forests
English Lowlands beech forests
ETHNIKOS DRYMOS PRESPON
Euxine-Colchic broadleaf forests
Felsõ-kiskunsági szikes puszták és turjánvidék
Flusslandschaft Elbe Biosphere Reserve
Fontanili di Gattatico e Fiume Enza
Foresta di Legnoli
Foret Domaniale du Circeo
GALACHOS DE LA ALFRANCA DE PASTRIZ, LA CARTUJA Y EL BURGO DE EBRO
Galichia Gora Zapovednik
Galloway Oakwoods
Garzaia della Carola
Garzaia di Cascina Villarasca
Garzaie del Parco Adda Sud
Gessi Bolognesi, Calanchi dell'Abbadessa
Grigne
Hortobágy National Park
Iberian conifer forests
Iberian sclerophyllous and semi-deciduous forests
Illyrian deciduous forests
Irano-Anatolian
Iskmo ön
Isle of Rum National Nature Reserve
Isola Mal di Ventre
Italian sclerophyllous and semi-deciduous forests
Izsáki Kolon-tó
Karadagskiy Zapovednik
Karkonosze
KATO OLYMPOS, OROS GODAMANI KAI KOILADA RODIAS
Kazakh forest steppe
Khazar Zapovednik
Killarney National Park
Kirkkojärvi
Kiskunsag Biosphere Reserve
Kiskunsági szikes tavak és az õrjegi turjánvidék
KOILADA ACHELOOU KAI ORI VALTOU
Krkonose
La Mola i s'Albufera de Fornells
Laajalahti
Lago di Mezzola e Pian di Spagna
Lagorai
Lake Torne Area
Lanca di Gussola
Laplandskiy Biosphere Reserve
LIMNES KAI LIMNOTHALASSES TIS THRAKIS - EVRYTERI PERIOCHI KAI PARAKTIA ZONI
LIMNES VISTONIS, ISMARIS - LIMNOTHALASSES PORTO LAGOS, ALYKI PTELEA, XIROLIMNI, KARATZA
LIMNI KERKINI - KROUSIA - KORYFES OROUS BELES, ANGISTRO - CHAROPO
LIMNI STYMFALIA
LIMNOTHALASSA KALOGRIAS, DASOS STROFYLIAS KAI ELOS LAMIAS, ARAXOS
Luberon
Marjovuori
Medio Taro
Mediterranean acacia-argania dry woodlands and succulent thickets
Mediterranean Basin
Mediterranean conifer and mixed forests
Mediterranean High Atlas juniper steppe
Mediterranean woodlands and forests
Mesopotamian shrub desert
Middle East steppe
Monte Barro
MONTES DE ZUERA, CASTEJÓN DE VALDEJASA Y EL CASTELLAR
Monticchie
Mordovsky Zapovednik
Neusiedler See-Osterreichischer Teil
North Atlantic moist mixed forests
North Norfolk Coast Biosphere Reserve
Northeastern Spain and Southern France Mediterranean forests
Northwest Iberian montane forests
NOTIO DASIKO SYMPLEGMA EVROU
NOTIOANATOLIKOS PARNASSOS - ETHNIKOS DRYMOS PARNASSOU - DASOS TITHOREAS
NOTIODYTIKI CHERSONISOS, APOLITHOMENO DASOS LESVOU
Okskiy Biosphere Reserve
ORI VOREIOU VOURINOU KAI MELLIA
OROPEDIO FOLOIS
OROS KANTILI
OROS OLYMPOS LESVOU
OROS OSSA
OROS OTHRYS, VOUNA GKOURAS KAI FARANGI PALAIOKERASIAS
OROS PARNASSOS
OROS YMITTOS
Palava Protected Landscape Area
Pannonian mixed forests
PARAPOTAMIO DASOS VOREIOU EVROU KAI ARDA
Parco Del Cilento e Vallo de Diano
Parco Naturale Adamello
Parco Regionale Oglio Sud
Parco Regionale Orobie Bergamasche
Parco Regionale Orobie Valtellinesi
Paul do Boquilobo Biosphere Reserve
Pechoro-Ilychskiy Biosphere Reserve
Pflaelzerwald
Picentini
Po Basin mixed forests
Polana Biosphere Reserve
Pontic steppe
Prespa National Park
Prioksko-Terrasny Biosphere Reserve
Puszcza Kampinoska
Pyrenees conifer and mixed forests
Rahjan saaristo
Red Sea Nubo-Sindian tropical desert and semi-desert
Reserve de la Biosphere d'Iroise
Reserve de la Biosphere des Vosges du Nord
Reserve Nationale de Camargue Biosphere Reserve
RÍO HUERVA Y LAS PLANAS
Risaie della Lomellina
Riserva Regionale Bosco dei Bordighi
Riserva Regionale Bosco Ronchetti
Riserva Regionale Fontanile Nuovo
Riserva Regionale Garzaia di Pomponesco
Riserva Regionale Lanca di Gerole
Riserva Regionale Paluaccio di Oga
Rödkallen-SörÄspen
Rodope montane mixed forests
Ruegen
Rummelön-Harrbådan
S'Albufera des Grau
San Genesio
Sarmatic mixed forests
Sayan montane conifer forests
Scandinavian and Russian taiga
Scandinavian coastal conifer forests
Scandinavian Montane Birch forest and grasslands
SERRETA DE TRAMACED
Ses Salines d'Eivissa i Formentera
Severn Estuary/ Môr Hafren
SIERRA DE ALCUBIERRE
SIERRA DE MONCAYO - LOS FAYOS - SIERRA DE ARMAS
SIERRA DE SIRUELA
SIERRA SUBBETICA
SIERRAS DE CAZORLA, SEGURA Y LAS VILLAS
South Appenine mixed montane forests
South Siberian forest steppe
Southeastern Iberian shrubs and woodlands
Southern Anatolian montane conifer and deciduous forests
Southwest Iberian Mediterranean sclerophyllous and mixed forests
Spreewald
St. Kilda National Nature Reserve
STENA NESTOU
Taynish National Nature Reserve
Torbiere d'Iseo
TORCAL DE ANTEQUERA
Trebon Basin Protected Landscape Area
Tsentral'no-Chernozemny Biosphere Reserve
Tsentral'no-Lesnoy Biosphere Reserve
Tyrrhenian-Adriatic sclerophyllous and mixed forests
Ural montane forests and tundra
Val Caffaro
Val di Scalve
Val Grigna
Valle dei Ratti - Cime di Gaiazzo
Valle del Mezzano, Valle Pega
Valli del Mincio
Valli di Argenta
Valli di Comacchio
Valli Mirandolesi
Vesuvio e Monte Somma
Viadana, Portiolo, San Benedetto Po e Ostiglia
Voronezhskiy Biosphere Reserve
West Siberian taiga
Western European broadleaf forests

Attributes / relations provided by
♦ 1Recruitment of a Mast-Fruiting, Bird-Dispersed Tree: Bridging Frugivore Activity and Seedling Establishment, Carlos M. Herrera, Pedro Jordano, Luis López-Soria, Juan A. Amat, Ecological Monographs, 64(3), 1994, pp. 315-344
♦ 2A STUDY OF AVIAN FRUGIVORES, BIRD-DISPERSED PLANTS, AND THElR INTERACTION IN MEDITERRANEAN SCRUBLANDS, CARLOS M. HERRERA, Ecological Monographs, 54(1), 1984, pp. 1-23
♦ 3VARIATIONS IN SPINDLE EUONYMUS EUROPAEUS CONSUMPTION BY FRUGIVOROUS BIRDS DURING THE FRUITING SEASON, Ángel HERNÁNDEZ, Ardeola 50(2), 2003, 171-180
♦ 4Birds and berries: a study of an ecological interaction. Calton, Great Britain, Snow B.K., Snow D.W., 1988, T & AD Poyser. 268 p.