Diet Overlap

Turdus merula (Eurasian Blackbird)
Turdus iliacus (Redwing)

Common Diet

Arbutus unedo (strawberry tree)
Cephalotaxus brevifolia (Common yew)
Chamaemespilus alpina (Winterbeam)
Cornus sanguinea (bloodtwig dogwood)
Crataegus heterophylla (Common Hawthorn)
Euonymus europaeus (European spindletree)
Ilex aquifolium (English holly)
Juniperus communis (Common Juniper)
Juniperus phoenicea (Phoenician Juniper)
Juniperus sabina (savin)
Phillyrea latifolia
Prunus spinosa (Blackthorn)
Rhamnus cathartica (Hart's thorn)
Viburnum opulus (European cranberrybush)

Common Habitat

Aegean and Western Turkey sclerophyllous and mixed forests
Aggtelek Biosphere Reserve
Alpár-bokrosi tisza-ártéri öblözet
Alps conifer and mixed forests
Alsó-Tisza-völgy
Alte Valli Pesio e Tanaro
Alte Valli Stura e Maira
Alto Garda Bresciano
Altopiano di Abbasanta
Anatolian conifer and deciduous mixed forests
Appenine deciduous montane forests
Arabian Desert and East Sahero-Arabian xeric shrublands
Arcipelago La Maddalena
Astrakhanskiy Biosphere Reserve
Atlantic mixed forests
Azerbaijan shrub desert and steppe
Azraq Wetland Reserve
Babia Góra National Park
Bacini ex-zuccherificio di Argelato e Golena del Fiume Reno
Badghyz Zapovednik
Balkan mixed forests
Baltic mixed forests
Basso Taro
Beigua - Turchino
Belovezhskaya Pushcha Biosphere Reserve
Berezinskiy Zapovednik
Bialowieza National Park
Bideford Bay Biosphere Reserve
Biotopi e Ripristini ambientali di Bentivoglio, S. Pietro in Casale, Malalbergo e Baricella
Biotopi e Ripristini ambientali di Budrio e Minerbio
Biotopi e Ripristini ambientali di Crevalcore
Biotopi e Ripristini ambientali di Medicina e Molinella
Bocca di Caset
Boschi del Ticino
Boschi e Sorgenti della Baronia
Bosco della Mesola, Bosco Panfilia, Bosco di Santa Giustina, Valle Falce, La Goara
Bosco di Castelvetere in Val Fortore
Bosco Fontana
Caerlaverock National Nature Reserve
Cairnsmore of Fleet, Silver Flowe, and Merrick Kells
Calamocarro-Benzú
Caledon conifer forests
Canary Islands dry woodlands and forests
Cantabrian mixed forests
Carpathian montane forests
Caspian Hyrcanian mixed forests
Caucasus
Caucasus mixed forests
Celtic broadleaf forests
Central Anatolian deciduous forests
Central Anatolian steppe
Central European mixed forests
Central Persian desert basins
Codru (Kodry) Zapovednik
Corpo centrale e rupi costiere occidentali dell'Isola di Capri
Corsican montane broadleaf and mixed forests
Costa Brava de Mallorca
Costa e Entroterra di Bosa, Suni e Montresta
Crimean Submediterranean forest complex
Cyprus Mediterranean forests
Dana
Darvinsky Zapovednik
DESFILADERO DE LOS GAITANES
DESFILADEROS DEL RÍO MARTÍN
Dinaric Mountains mixed forests
Disgrazia - Sissone
DOÑANA
Durankulak Lake
East European forest steppe
Eastern Anatolian montane steppe
Eastern Beskid
Eastern Mediterranean conifer-sclerophyllous-broadleaf forests
Elburz Range forest steppe
English Lowlands beech forests
Euxine-Colchic broadleaf forests
Faroe Islands boreal grasslands
Felsõ-kiskunsági szikes puszták és turjánvidék
Flusslandschaft Elbe Biosphere Reserve
Fontanili di Gattatico e Fiume Enza
Foresta di Legnoli
Foresta Umbra
Foret Domaniale du Circeo
GALACHOS DE LA ALFRANCA DE PASTRIZ, LA CARTUJA Y EL BURGO DE EBRO
Galichia Gora Zapovednik
Garzaia della Carola
Garzaia di Cascina Villarasca
Garzaie del Parco Adda Sud
Gessi Bolognesi, Calanchi dell'Abbadessa
Golfo di Orosei
Grigne
Humber Estuary
Iberian conifer forests
Iberian sclerophyllous and semi-deciduous forests
Iceland boreal birch forests and alpine tundra
Illyrian deciduous forests
Irano-Anatolian
Iskmo ön
Isle of Rum National Nature Reserve
Isola Boscone
Isola di Vivara
Isola Mal di Ventre
Italian sclerophyllous and semi-deciduous forests
Izsáki Kolon-tó
Karadagskiy Zapovednik
Karkonosze
Khazar Zapovednik
Killarney National Park
Kirkkojärvi
Kiskunsag Biosphere Reserve
Kiskunsági szikes tavak és az õrjegi turjánvidék
Kopet Dag woodlands and forest steppe
Kopetdagh Zapovednik
Krkonose
Kugitang Zapovednik
Kuh Rud and Eastern Iran montane woodlands
La Bora
La Mola i s'Albufera de Fornells
Laajalahti
Lago di Mezzola e Pian di Spagna
Lagorai
Laidauredeltat
Lake Torne Area
Lanca di Gussola
Laplandskiy Biosphere Reserve
Le Cesine
Luberon
Marjovuori
Matese
Medio Taro
Mediterranean Basin
Mediterranean conifer and mixed forests
Mediterranean High Atlas juniper steppe
Mediterranean woodlands and forests
Mesopotamian shrub desert
Middle East steppe
Monte Barro
Monte dei Sette Fratelli
MONTES DE ZUERA, CASTEJÓN DE VALDEJASA Y EL CASTELLAR
Monti del Gennargentu
Monticchie
Moor House-Upper Teesdale Biosphere Reserve
Mordovsky Zapovednik
Mountains of Central Asia
Murgia Alta
Naattikumpu
Neusiedler See-Osterreichischer Teil
North America
North Atlantic moist mixed forests
North Bull Island
North Norfolk Coast Biosphere Reserve
Northeastern Spain and Southern France Mediterranean forests
Northern Anatolian conifer and deciduous forests
Northwest Iberian montane forests
Okskiy Biosphere Reserve
Olkijokisuu-Pattijoen pohjoishaara
Onkamaanjärvi-Haudansyvä
OROS KANTILI
OROS YMITTOS
Palava Protected Landscape Area
Paludi di Ostiglia
Pannonian mixed forests
Parco Del Cilento e Vallo de Diano
Parco Naturale Adamello
Parco Regionale Oglio Sud
Parco Regionale Orobie Bergamasche
Parco Regionale Orobie Valtellinesi
Paropamisus xeric woodlands
Paul do Boquilobo Biosphere Reserve
Pechoro-Ilychskiy Biosphere Reserve
Persian Gulf desert and semi-desert
Piana di Ozieri, Mores, Ardara, Tula e Oschiri
Piana di Semestene, Bonorva, Macomer e Bortigali
Picentini
Pindus Mountains mixed forests
Po Basin mixed forests
Polana Biosphere Reserve
Pontic steppe
Prespa National Park
Prioksko-Terrasny Biosphere Reserve
Puszcza Kampinoska
Pyrenees conifer and mixed forests
Rahjan saaristo
Red Sea Nubo-Sindian tropical desert and semi-desert
Registan-North Pakistan sandy desert
Reserva de la Biosfera de Urdaibai
Reserve de la Biosphere d'Iroise
Reserve Nationale de Camargue Biosphere Reserve
RÍO HUERVA Y LAS PLANAS
Risaie della Lomellina
Riserva Regionale Bosco dei Bordighi
Riserva Regionale Bosco Ronchetti
Riserva Regionale Fontanile Nuovo
Riserva Regionale Garzaia di Pomponesco
Riserva Regionale Lanca di Gerole
Riserva Regionale Paluaccio di Oga
Rödkallen-SörÄspen
Rodope montane mixed forests
Ruegen
Rummelön-Harrbådan
S'Albufera des Grau
Salina di Cervia
San Genesio
Sarmatic mixed forests
Savuniemi ja Kipansalo
Scandinavian and Russian taiga
Scandinavian coastal conifer forests
Scandinavian Montane Birch forest and grasslands
SERRETA DE TRAMACED
Ses Salines d'Eivissa i Formentera
Sidländet
Siepi e Canali di Resega - Foresto
SIERRA DE ALCUBIERRE
SIERRA DE MONCAYO - LOS FAYOS - SIERRA DE ARMAS
SIERRA SUBBETICA
SIERRAS DE CAZORLA, SEGURA Y LAS VILLAS
South Appenine mixed montane forests
Southeastern Iberian shrubs and woodlands
Southern Anatolian montane conifer and deciduous forests
Southwest Iberian Mediterranean sclerophyllous and mixed forests
Spreewald
St. Kilda National Nature Reserve
Syunt-Khasardagh Zapovednik
Taynish National Nature Reserve
Tian Shan foothill arid steppe
Tian Shan montane conifer forests
Tian Shan montane steppe and meadows
Torbiere d'Iseo
TORCAL DE ANTEQUERA
Trebon Basin Protected Landscape Area
Tsentral'no-Chernozemny Biosphere Reserve
Tsentral'no-Lesnoy Biosphere Reserve
Tyrrhenian-Adriatic sclerophyllous and mixed forests
Val Caffaro
Val di Scalve
Val Grigna
Vallazza
Valle dei Ratti - Cime di Gaiazzo
Valle del Mezzano, Valle Pega
Valli del Mincio
Valli di Argenta
Valli di Comacchio
Valli Mirandolesi
Vesuvio e Monte Somma
Viadana, Portiolo, San Benedetto Po e Ostiglia
Voronezhskiy Biosphere Reserve
Western European broadleaf forests
Zagros Mountains forest steppe

Attributes / relations provided by
1A STUDY OF AVIAN FRUGIVORES, BIRD-DISPERSED PLANTS, AND THElR INTERACTION IN MEDITERRANEAN SCRUBLANDS, CARLOS M. HERRERA, Ecological Monographs, 54(1), 1984, pp. 1-23
2Recruitment of a Mast-Fruiting, Bird-Dispersed Tree: Bridging Frugivore Activity and Seedling Establishment, Carlos M. Herrera, Pedro Jordano, Luis López-Soria, Juan A. Amat, Ecological Monographs, 64(3), 1994, pp. 315-344
3Birds and berries: a study of an ecological interaction. Calton, Great Britain, Snow B.K., Snow D.W., 1988, T & AD Poyser. 268 p.
4Differential seed dispersal patterns generated by a common assemblage of vertebrate frugivores in three fleshy-fruited trees, Isabel MARTÍNEZ, Daniel GARCÍA & José Ramón OBESO, Écoscience, 15 (2): 189-199 (2008)
5VARIATIONS IN SPINDLE EUONYMUS EUROPAEUS CONSUMPTION BY FRUGIVOROUS BIRDS DURING THE FRUITING SEASON, Ángel HERNÁNDEZ, Ardeola 50(2), 2003, 171-180
6Geographical ecology and variation of plant-seed disperser interactions: southern Spanish junipers and frugivorous thrushes, Pedro Jordano, Vegetatio 107/108: 85-104, 1993.
7Birds and guelder rose Viburnum opulus: selective consumption and dispersal via regurgitation of small-sized fruits and seeds, Ángel Hernández, Plant Ecol (2009) 203:111–122