Plantae > Tracheophyta > Pinopsida > Pinales > Pinaceae > Tsuga > Tsuga canadensisTsuga canadensis (Canada hemlock; Eastern hemlock; Black hemlock; Canadian hemlock; Common hemlock)Synonyms: Abies alba var. nana (homotypic); Abies alba var. virescens; Abies americana; Abies canadensis; Abies canadensis var. gracilis (homotypic); Abies curvifolia (homotypic); Abies pectinata; Abies virescens; Picea alba var. foetida; Picea canadensis (homotypic); Picea canadensis f. parva; Picea canadensis var. albertiana; Picea canadensis var. nana; Picea glauca f. buxoides; Picea glauca f. conica; Picea glauca f. nana; Picea glauca f. parva; Picea laxa (homotypic); Picea tschugatskoyae; Pinus alba var. nana; Pinus americana; Pinus canadensis (homotypic); Pinus pendula; Pinus virescens; Tsuga americana; Tsuga canadensis f. albospica; Tsuga canadensis f. compacta; Tsuga canadensis f. fastigiata; Tsuga canadensis f. gracilis; Tsuga canadensis f. jenkinsii; Tsuga canadensis f. microphylla; Tsuga canadensis f. minuta; Tsuga canadensis f. parvula; Tsuga canadensis f. pendula; Tsuga canadensis f. sargentii; Tsuga canadensis f. sparsifolia; Tsuga canadensis var. albospica; Tsuga canadensis var. compacta; Tsuga canadensis var. fastigiata; Tsuga canadensis var. jenkinsii; Tsuga canadensis var. minuta; Tsuga canadensis var. pendula; Tsuga canadensis var. sargentiana; Tsuga canadensis var. sargentii; Tsuga canadensis var. sparsifolia; Tsuga canadensis var. wellesiana Language: Chi; Cze; Dut; Fre; Ger; Hrv, Srp; Hun; Ita; Rus; Slo Tsuga canadensis, also known as eastern hemlock, eastern hemlock-spruce or Canadian hemlock, and in the French-speaking regions of Canada as pruche du Canada, is a coniferous tree native to eastern North America. It is the state tree of Pennsylvania. |
Air Quality Improvement [1] | Low | Allergen Potential [1] | Low | Carbon Capture [1] | Medium-Low | Screening - Summer [2] | Dense | Screening - Winter [2] | Dense | Shade Percentage [1] | 91 % | Temperature Reduction [1] | High | Wind Reduction [1] | Medium-High | | Bloom Period [2] | Mid Spring | Drought Tolerance [2] | Low | Edible [3] | May be edible. See the Plants For A Future link below for details. | Fire Tolerance [2] | Medium | Flower Type [3] | Monoecious | Frost Free Days [2] | 80 days | Fruit/Seed Abundance [2] | High | Fruit/Seed Begin [2] | Summer | Fruit/Seed End [2] | Fall | Growth Form [2] | Single Stem | Growth Period [2] | Spring, Summer | Growth Rate [2] | Slow | Janka Hardness [4] | 500 lbf (227 kgf) Very Soft | Leaf Type [3] | Evergreen | Lifespan [2] | Perennial | Pollinators [3] | Wind | Propagation [2] | Bare Root, Container, Cutting, Seed | Root Depth [2] | 28 inches (71 cm) | Scent [3] | The crushed foliage has a sweet lemony scent; Another report says that it emits the unpleasant smell of hemlock; | Seed Spread Rate [2] | Slow | Seed Vigor [2] | Medium | Seeds Per [2] | 187200 / lb (412705 / kg) | Shape/Orientation [2] | Erect | Specific Gravity [5] | 0.4 | Structure [3] | Tree | Usage [3] | Yields a resin similar to Abies balsamea, it is gathered by incisions in the trunk or by boiling the wood;
A pitch (called hemlock pitch), is obtained by distillation of the young branches; 'Oil of Hemlock' is distilled from the young branches according to another report;
The bark contains 8 - 14% tannin; The inner bark is used according to one report;
The inner bark has been used in making baskets;
A red to brown dye is obtained from the bark; A red dye is obtained from the inner bark according to another report; A little rock dust has been added to act as a mordant when boiling the bark;
The boiled bark has been used to make a wash to clean rust off iron and steel, and to prevent further rusting;
Tolerant of light trimming, plants can be grown as a hedge; This species does not make a good hedge in Britain;
Some cultivars can be grown as a ground cover when planted about 1 metre apart each way; 'Pendula' is slow-growing but makes a very good cover;
Wood - coarse-grained, light, soft, not strong, brittle, not durable outdoors; Difficult to work because it splits easily; The wood weighs 26lb per cubic foot; The trees do not self-prune and so the wood contains numerous remarkably hard knots that can quickly dull the blade of an axe; A coarse lumber, it is used occasionally for the outside of buildings; It should be used with caution as a fuel for outdoor fires because it can project embers and burning wood several metres from the fire; | Vegetative Spread Rate [2] | None | | Flower Color [2] | Yellow | Foliage Color [2] | Dark Green | Fruit Color [2] | Brown | | Height [3] | 66 feet (20 m) | Width [3] | 26 feet (8 m) | | Hardiness Zone Minimum [1] | USDA Zone: 4 Low Temperature: -30 F° (-34.4 C°) → -20 F° (-28.9 C°) | Hardiness Zone Maximum [1] | USDA Zone: 7 Low Temperature: 0 F° (-17.8 C°) → 10 F° (-12.2 C°) | Light Preference [2] | Mostly Shady | Soil Acidity [2] | Very Acid | Soil Fertility [2] | Intermediate | Water Use [1] | Moderate | View Plants For A Future Record : Tsuga canadensis |
Name |
IUCN Category |
Area acres |
Location |
Species |
Website |
Climate |
Land Use |
Acadia National Park |
II |
35996 |
Maine, United States |
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Algonquin Provincial Park |
IV |
1868802 |
Ontario, Canada |
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Allegheny Portage Railroad Nat'l Hist. Site National Historic Site |
III |
1152 |
Pennsylvania, United States |
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Big South Fork National River and Recreation Area National Recreation Area |
V |
120283 |
Kentucky, Tennessee, United States |
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Bluestone National Scenic River National River and Wild and Scenic Riverway |
V |
3517 |
West Virginia, United States |
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Bruce Peninsula National Park |
II |
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Ontario, Canada |
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Cape Breton Highlands National Park |
II |
234333 |
Nova Scotia, Canada |
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Catoctin Mountain Park National Park |
II |
5994 |
Maryland, United States |
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Chesapeake & Ohio Canal National Hist. Park National Historical Park |
V |
19586 |
Maryland, District of Columbia, United States |
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Chippewa Nature Center |
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Michigan, United States |
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Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory LTER Site Long Term Ecological Research |
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North Carolina, United States |
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Cumberland Gap National Hist. Park National Historical Park |
V |
24282 |
Kentucky, Tennessee, Virginia, United States |
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Fort Donelson National Battlefield |
III |
560 |
Tennessee, United States |
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Fort Necessity National Battlefield |
III |
1019 |
Pennsylvania, United States |
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Fredericksburg and Spotsylvania Nat'l Military Park National Military Park |
V |
10384 |
Virginia, United States |
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Friendship Hill National Historic Site |
III |
697 |
Pennsylvania, United States |
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Fundy National Park |
II |
52716 |
New Brunswick, Canada |
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Gateway National Recreation Area |
V |
1807 |
New Jersey, United States |
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Gauley River National Recreation Area |
V |
10157 |
West Virginia, United States |
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Georgian Bay Islands National Park |
II |
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Ontario, Canada |
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Gettysburg National Military Park |
V |
3560 |
Pennsylvania, United States |
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Great Smoky Mountains National Park |
II |
515454 |
North Carolina, Tennessee, United States |
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Great Swamp National Wildlife Refuge |
VI |
3161 |
New Jersey, United States |
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Harpers Ferry National Historical Park |
VI |
715 |
West Virginia, United States |
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Hope College Biology Nature Preserve |
|
55 |
Michigan, United States |
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Hopewell Furnace National Historic Site |
III |
861 |
Pennsylvania, United States |
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Hubbard Brook Biosphere Reserve |
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7809 |
New Hampshire, United States |
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Johnstown Flood National Memorial |
VI |
175 |
Pennsylvania, United States |
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Kejimkujik National Park |
II |
94203 |
Nova Scotia, Canada |
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Kouchibouguac National Park |
II |
59161 |
New Brunswick, Canada |
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La Mauricie National Park |
II |
131706 |
Quebec, Canada |
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Mammoth Cave Area Biosphere Reserve (Natn'l Park) National Park |
II |
51235 |
Kentucky, United States |
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Morristown National Historical Park |
VI |
1677 |
New Jersey, United States |
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Mount Mitchell State Park |
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North Carolina, United States |
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National Capital Parks - Central National Park |
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District of Columbia, United States |
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National Capital Region - East National Park |
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District of Columbia, United States |
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New River Gorge National River National River and Wild and Scenic Riverway |
V |
55591 |
West Virginia, United States |
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Niagara Escarpment Biosphere Reserve |
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470167 |
Ontario, Canada |
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Obed Wild and Scenic River National River and Wild and Scenic Riverway |
V |
5268 |
Tennessee, United States |
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Prince Edward Island National Park |
II |
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Prince Edward Island, Canada |
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Prince William Forest Park |
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19378 |
District of Columbia, United States |
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Roosevelt Vanderbilt National Historic Site |
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New York, United States |
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Saint Lawrence Islands National Park |
II |
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Ontario, Canada |
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Saratoga National Historical Park |
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New York, United States |
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Shenandoah National Park |
II |
108221 |
Virginia, United States |
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Southern Appalachian Biosphere Reserve |
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37548505 |
North Carolina, Tennessee, United States |
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Tennessee River Gorge |
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Tennessee, United States |
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Valley Forge National Historical Park |
VI |
3509 |
Pennsylvania, United States |
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Western Michigan Universitys Asylum Lake Preserve |
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274 |
Michigan, United States |
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Attributes / relations provided by ♦ 1i-Tree Species v. 4.0, developed by the USDA Forest Service's Northern Research Station and SUNY-ESF using the Horticopia, Inc. plant database. ♦ 2USDA Plants Database, U. S. Department of Agriculture ♦ 3Plants For A Future licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License♦ 4Wood Janka Hardness Scale/Chart J W Morlan's Unique Wood Gifts ♦ 5Forest Inventory and Analysis DB version 5.1, May 4, 2013, U.S. Forest Service ♦ 6Ben-Dov, Y., Miller, D.R. & Gibson, G.A.P. ScaleNet 4 November 2009 ♦ 7HOSTS - a Database of the World's Lepidopteran Hostplants Gaden S. Robinson, Phillip R. Ackery, Ian J. Kitching, George W. Beccaloni AND Luis M. Hernández ♦ 8Jorrit H. Poelen, James D. Simons and Chris J. Mungall. (2014). Global Biotic Interactions: An open infrastructure to share and analyze species-interaction datasets. Ecological Informatics. |
Species taxanomy provided by GBIF Secretariat (2022). GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. Checklist dataset https://doi.org/10.15468/39omei accessed via GBIF.org on 2023-06-13; License: CC BY 4.0
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