Animalia > Chordata > Aves > Passeriformes > Emberizidae > Pipilo > Pipilo maculatus

Pipilo maculatus (Spotted Towhee)

Wikipedia Abstract

The spotted towhee (Pipilo maculatus) is a large New World sparrow. The taxonomy of the towhees has been debated in recent decades, and formerly this bird and the eastern towhee were considered a single species, the rufous-sided towhee. An archaic name for the spotted towhee is the Oregon towhee (Pipilo maculatus oregonus). The form that breeds on Socorro Island is much smaller than other rufous-sided towhees, and has gray upperparts. It is sometimes split as the Socorro towhee (Pipilo socorroensis).
View Wikipedia Record: Pipilo maculatus

Infraspecies

EDGE Analysis

Uniqueness Scale: Similiar (0) 
1
 Unique (100)
Uniqueness & Vulnerability Scale: Similiar & Secure (0) 
9
 Unique & Vulnerable (100)
ED Score: 2.90647
EDGE Score: 1.36263

Attributes

Adult Weight [1]  40 grams
Birth Weight [1]  3 grams
Breeding Habitat [2]  Temperate western forests, Mexican pine-oak forests, Pine-oak forests
Wintering Geography [2]  Western U.S./Mexico
Wintering Habitat [2]  Forests
Diet [3]  Carnivore (Invertebrates), Frugivore, Granivore
Diet - Fruit [3]  20 %
Diet - Invertibrates [3]  50 %
Diet - Seeds [3]  30 %
Forages - Understory [3]  30 %
Forages - Ground [3]  70 %
Clutch Size [6]  4
Clutches / Year [1]  2
Fledging [1]  11 days
Global Population (2017 est.) [2]  33,000,000
Incubation [5]  13 days
Maximum Longevity [4]  11 years
Female Maturity [4]  2 years
Male Maturity [4]  2 years

Ecoregions

Protected Areas

Ecosystems

Biodiversity Hotspots

Name Location Endemic Species Website
California Floristic Province Mexico, United States No
Madrean Pine-Oak Woodlands Mexico, United States No
Mesoamerica Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama No

Prey / Diet

Predators

Accipiter cooperii (Cooper's Hawk)[7]
Bubo virginianus (Great Horned Owl)[7]

Consumers

Parasitized by 
Baylisascaris procyonis (raccoon roundworm)[8]

Range Map

External References

NatureServe Explorer

Audio

Play / PauseVolume
Provided by eNature via Myxer Author: Lang Elliot

Citations

Attributes / relations provided by
1Nathan P. Myhrvold, Elita Baldridge, Benjamin Chan, Dhileep Sivam, Daniel L. Freeman, and S. K. Morgan Ernest. 2015. An amniote life-history database to perform comparative analyses with birds, mammals, and reptiles. Ecology 96:3109
2Partners in Flight Avian Conservation Assessment Database, version 2017. Accessed on January 2018.
3Hamish Wilman, Jonathan Belmaker, Jennifer Simpson, Carolina de la Rosa, Marcelo M. Rivadeneira, and Walter Jetz. 2014. EltonTraits 1.0: Species-level foraging attributes of the world's birds and mammals. Ecology 95:2027
4de Magalhaes, J. P., and Costa, J. (2009) A database of vertebrate longevity records and their relation to other life-history traits. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 22(8):1770-1774
5del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A., Sargatal, J., Christie, D.A. & de Juana, E. (eds.). Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona.
6Jetz W, Sekercioglu CH, Böhning-Gaese K (2008) The Worldwide Variation in Avian Clutch Size across Species and Space PLoS Biol 6(12): e303. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0060303
7Jorrit H. Poelen, James D. Simons and Chris J. Mungall. (2014). Global Biotic Interactions: An open infrastructure to share and analyze species-interaction datasets. Ecological Informatics.
8Gibson, D. I., Bray, R. A., & Harris, E. A. (Compilers) (2005). Host-Parasite Database of the Natural History Museum, London
Ecoregions provided by World Wide Fund For Nature (WWF). WildFinder: Online database of species distributions, ver. 01.06 Wildfinder Database
Biodiversity Hotspots provided by Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund
Abstract provided by DBpedia licensed under a Creative Commons License
Audio software provided by SoundManager 2
Species taxanomy provided by GBIF Secretariat (2022). GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. Checklist dataset https://doi.org/10.15468/39omei accessed via GBIF.org on 2023-06-13; License: CC BY 4.0