Animalia > Chordata > Aves > Passeriformes > Emberizidae > Pipilo > Pipilo maculatusPipilo maculatus (Spotted Towhee)The spotted towhee (Pipilo maculatus) is a large New World sparrow. The taxonomy of the towhees has been debated in recent decades, and formerly this bird and the eastern towhee were considered a single species, the rufous-sided towhee. An archaic name for the spotted towhee is the Oregon towhee (Pipilo maculatus oregonus). The form that breeds on Socorro Island is much smaller than other rufous-sided towhees, and has gray upperparts. It is sometimes split as the Socorro towhee (Pipilo socorroensis). |
Uniqueness Scale: Similiar (0) Unique (100) Uniqueness & Vulnerability Scale: Similiar & Secure (0) Unique & Vulnerable (100) ED Score: 2.90647 EDGE Score: 1.36263 |
| Adult Weight [1] | 40 grams | | Birth Weight [1] | 3 grams |  | | Breeding Habitat [2] | Temperate western forests, Mexican pine-oak forests, Pine-oak forests | | Wintering Geography [2] | Western U.S./Mexico | | Wintering Habitat [2] | Forests | | | Diet [3] | Carnivore (Invertebrates), Frugivore, Granivore | | Diet - Fruit [3] | 20 % | | Diet - Invertibrates [3] | 50 % | | Diet - Seeds [3] | 30 % | | Forages - Understory [3] | 30 % | | Forages - Ground [3] | 70 % | | | Clutch Size [6] | 4 | | Clutches / Year [1] | 2 | | Fledging [1] | 11 days | | Global Population (2017 est.) [2] | 33,000,000 | | Incubation [5] | 13 days | | Maximum Longevity [4] | 11 years | | | Female Maturity [4] | 2 years | | Male Maturity [4] | 2 years |
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| Name |
Countries |
Ecozone |
Biome |
Species |
Report |
Climate |
Land
Use |
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California coastal sage and chaparral |
Mexico, United States |
Nearctic |
Mediterranean Forests, Woodlands, and Scrub |
 |
 |
 |
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Central American pine-oak forests |
Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador, Nicaragua |
Neotropic |
Tropical and Subtropical Coniferous Forests |
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Chihuahuan desert |
Mexico, United States |
Nearctic |
Deserts and Xeric Shrublands |
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Islas Revillagigedo dry forests |
Mexico |
Neotropic |
Tropical and Subtropical Dry Broadleaf Forests |
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Sierra de la Laguna pine-oak forests |
Mexico |
Neotropic |
Tropical and Subtropical Coniferous Forests |
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Sierra Juarez and San Pedro Martir pine-oak forests |
Mexico |
Nearctic |
Temperate Coniferous Forests |
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Sierra Madre de Oaxaca pine-oak forests |
Mexico |
Neotropic |
Tropical and Subtropical Coniferous Forests |
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Sierra Madre Occidental pine-oak forests |
Mexico, United States |
Nearctic |
Tropical and Subtropical Coniferous Forests |
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Sierra Madre Oriental pine-oak forests |
Mexico, United States |
Nearctic |
Tropical and Subtropical Coniferous Forests |
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Sonoran desert |
Mexico, United States |
Nearctic |
Deserts and Xeric Shrublands |
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Sonoran-Sinaloan transition subtropical dry forest |
Mexico |
Nearctic |
Tropical and Subtropical Dry Broadleaf Forests |
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Tamaulipan matorral |
Mexico |
Nearctic |
Deserts and Xeric Shrublands |
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Tamaulipan mezquital |
Mexico, United States |
Nearctic |
Deserts and Xeric Shrublands |
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Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt pine-oak forests |
Mexico |
Neotropic |
Tropical and Subtropical Coniferous Forests |
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Western Gulf Coastal grasslands |
Mexico, United States |
Nearctic |
Tropical and Subtropical Grasslands, Savannas, and Shrublands |
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| Name |
IUCN Category |
Area acres |
Location |
Species |
Website |
Climate |
Land Use |
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Anza-Borrego Desert State Park, CA |
III |
184543 |
California, United States |
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Audubon National Wildlife Refuge |
IV |
14642 |
North Dakota, United States |
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Boggs Mountain Demonstration State Forest |
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California, United States |
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California Coast Ranges Biosphere Reserve |
|
153447 |
California, United States |
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Capital Reef National Park |
II |
243722 |
Utah, United States |
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Deer Flat National Wildlife Refuge |
Ia |
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Idaho, United States |
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Glen Canyon National Recreation Area |
V |
1087901 |
Arizona, Utah, United States |
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Great Basin National Park |
II |
77367 |
Nevada, United States |
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Heath and Marjorie Angelo Coast Range Preserve Nature Conservancy - Preserve |
Ia |
7008 |
California, United States |
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Jackson Demonstration State Forest |
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California, United States |
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Jornada Biosphere Reserve |
Ib |
30913 |
New Mexico, United States |
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Latour Demonstration State Forest |
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California, United States |
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Little River National Wildlife Refuge |
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Oklahoma, United States |
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Mount Arrowsmith Biosphere Reserve |
|
293047 |
British Columbia, Canada |
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Mount Rainier National Park |
II |
235186 |
Washington, United States |
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Organ Pipe Cactus Biosphere Reserve |
|
327376 |
Arizona, United States |
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Waterton Biosphere Reserve |
II |
121459 |
Alberta, Canada |
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Yellowstone Biosphere Reserve |
II |
2196863 |
Idaho, Montana, Wyoming, United States |
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Attributes / relations provided by ♦ 1Nathan P. Myhrvold, Elita Baldridge, Benjamin Chan, Dhileep Sivam, Daniel L. Freeman, and S. K. Morgan Ernest. 2015. An amniote life-history database to perform comparative analyses with birds, mammals, and reptiles. Ecology 96:3109 ♦ 2Partners in Flight Avian Conservation Assessment Database, version 2017. Accessed on January 2018. ♦ 3Hamish Wilman, Jonathan Belmaker, Jennifer Simpson, Carolina de la Rosa, Marcelo M. Rivadeneira, and Walter Jetz. 2014. EltonTraits 1.0: Species-level foraging attributes of the world's birds and mammals. Ecology 95:2027 ♦ 4de Magalhaes, J. P., and Costa, J. (2009) A database of vertebrate longevity records and their relation to other life-history traits. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 22(8):1770-1774 ♦ 5del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A., Sargatal, J., Christie, D.A. & de Juana, E. (eds.). Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. ♦ 6Jetz W, Sekercioglu CH, Böhning-Gaese K (2008) The Worldwide Variation in Avian Clutch Size across Species and Space PLoS Biol 6(12): e303. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0060303 ♦ 7Jorrit H. Poelen, James D. Simons and Chris J. Mungall. (2014). Global Biotic Interactions: An open infrastructure to share and analyze species-interaction datasets. Ecological Informatics. ♦ 8Gibson, D. I., Bray, R. A., & Harris, E. A. (Compilers) (2005). Host-Parasite Database of the Natural History Museum, London Ecoregions provided by World Wide Fund For Nature (WWF). WildFinder: Online database of species distributions, ver. 01.06 Wildfinder Database |
Species taxanomy provided by GBIF Secretariat (2022). GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. Checklist dataset https://doi.org/10.15468/39omei accessed via GBIF.org on 2023-06-13; License: CC BY 4.0
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