Attributes / relations provided by
♦ ¹del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A., Sargatal, J., Christie, D.A. & de Juana, E. (eds.). Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona.
♦ ²Forest elephant group composition, frugivory and coastal use in the Réserve de Faune du Petit Loango, Gabon, Bethan J. Morgan and P. C. Lee, African Journal of Ecology, Volume 45, Issue 4, pp. 519 - 526