Attributes / relations provided by
♦ ¹del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A., Sargatal, J., Christie, D.A. & de Juana, E. (eds.). Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona.
♦ ²Winter food habits of Barrow's Goldeneyes in southeast Alaska, Philip S. Koehl, Thomas C. Rothe, and Dirk V. Derkson, Canadian Wildlife Service, 1984