Crinale dell’Appennino parmense

Location:Italy
Area:13,047 acres (5,280 hectares)
Species:All  Endangered  Invasive
Climate:View Climate Data
Land Use:View Land Use Data
Köppen climate classification:Cfb (Climate: warm temperate; Precipitation: fully humid; Temperature: warm summer)
Natura 2000 Data Sheet:View Data Sheet  Explanatory notes

Ecoregions

Appenine deciduous montane forests

Soils

Protected Area Boundary
 ABC
    
Share35 %30 %15 %10 %5 %5 %45 %30 %25 %50 %35 %8 %7 %
Soil TypeCalcaric RegosolsEutric RegosolsEutric CambisolsLithic LeptosolsGleyic LuvisolsHaplic LuvisolsEutric CambisolsHaplic LuvisolsRendzic LeptosolsDystric CambisolsCambic PodzolsUmbric LeptosolsHaplic Luvisols
Topsoil TextureMediumFineMediumMediumMediumMediumMediumMediumMediumCoarseCoarseCoarseCoarse
Reference Depth100 cm100 cm100 cm10 cm100 cm100 cm100 cm100 cm30 cm100 cm100 cm30 cm100 cm
DrainageModerately wellModerately wellModerately wellImperfectlyPoorModerately wellImperfectlyImperfectlyImperfectlyWellSomewhat excessiveModerately wellModerately well
Available Water Capacity100 m75 m100 m15 mm100 m100 m50 m50 m50 mm50 m15 m15 mm75 m
Phase 1StonyStonyStonyStonyStonyStonyLithicLithic StonyStonyStonyStony
Root ObstacleNone to 80 cmNone to 80 cmNone to 80 cm None to 80 cmNone to 80 cmNone to 80 cmNone to 80 cm None to 80 cm20 - 40 cm None to 80 cm
Impermeable Layer80 - 150 cm80 - 150 cm80 - 150 cm None to 150 cmNone to 150 cmNone to 150 cmNone to 150 cm None to 150 cm40 - 80 cm None to 150 cm
Soil Water RegimeWet within 80 cm over 6 months, but not wet within 40 cm for over 11 monthWet within 80 cm over 6 months, but not wet within 40 cm for over 11 monthNot wet within 80 cm for over 3 months, nor wet within 40 cm for over 1 month Wet within 80 cm for 3 to 6 months, but not wet within 40 cm for over 1 monthNot wet within 80 cm for over 3 months, nor wet within 40 cm for over 1 monthWet within 80 cm for 3 to 6 months, but not wet within 40 cm for over 1 monthWet within 80 cm for 3 to 6 months, but not wet within 40 cm for over 1 month Not wet within 80 cm for over 3 months, nor wet within 40 cm for over 1 monthNot wet within 80 cm for over 3 months, nor wet within 40 cm for over 1 month Wet within 80 cm for 3 to 6 months, but not wet within 40 cm for over 1 month
Topsoil Properties
Gravel14 %48 %9 %21 %5 %4 %9 %4 %16 %10 %3 %10 %4 %
Sand44 %26 %42 %42 %47 %41 %42 %41 %37 %75 %85 %79 %82 %
Silt35 %30 %36 %34 %29 %37 %36 %37 %44 %15 %10 %13 %8 %
Clay21 %44 %22 %24 %24 %22 %22 %22 %19 %10 %5 %8 %10 %
USDA TextureLoamClayLoamLoamLoamLoamLoamLoamLoamSandy loamLoamy sandLoamy sandLoamy sand
Reference Bulk Density1.41 g/cm³1.26 g/cm³1.4 g/cm³1.38 g/cm³1.39 g/cm³1.4 g/cm³1.4 g/cm³1.4 g/cm³1.41 g/cm³1.58 g/cm³1.7 g/cm³1.62 g/cm³1.59 g/cm³
Bulk Density1.37 g/cm³1.28 g/cm³1.37 g/cm³1.3 g/cm³1.54 g/cm³1.43 g/cm³1.37 g/cm³1.43 g/cm³1.24 g/cm³1.49 g/cm³1.41 g/cm³1.45 g/cm³1.43 g/cm³
Organic Carbon0.75 %1.89 %1 %1.61 %0.83 %0.74 %1 %0.74 %2.13 %0.7 %2.02 %2.59 %0.4 %
PH86.16.67.56.36.56.66.57.55.14.34.76.5
Clay Cation Exchange Capacity45 cmol kg⁻¹52 cmol kg⁻¹55 cmol kg⁻¹42 cmol kg⁻¹46 cmol kg⁻¹47 cmol kg⁻¹55 cmol kg⁻¹47 cmol kg⁻¹80 cmol kg⁻¹21 cmol kg⁻¹78 cmol kg⁻¹24 cmol kg⁻¹48 cmol kg⁻¹
Soil Cation Exchange Capacity17 cmol kg⁻¹24 cmol kg⁻¹16 cmol kg⁻¹16 cmol kg⁻¹16 cmol kg⁻¹13 cmol kg⁻¹16 cmol kg⁻¹13 cmol kg⁻¹27 cmol kg⁻¹5 cmol kg⁻¹5 cmol kg⁻¹8 cmol kg⁻¹6 cmol kg⁻¹
Base Saturation100 %62 %93 %100 %93 %91 %93 %91 %100 %28 %17 %86 %89 %
Total Exchangeable Bases26.8 cmol kg⁻¹12.9 cmol kg⁻¹14 cmol kg⁻¹15.5 cmol kg⁻¹14.9 cmol kg⁻¹11 cmol kg⁻¹14 cmol kg⁻¹11 cmol kg⁻¹28.8 cmol kg⁻¹1.5 cmol kg⁻¹2.5 cmol kg⁻¹5.2 cmol kg⁻¹5.9 cmol kg⁻¹
Calcium Carbonate15 %0 %0 %3.9 %0 %0 %0 %0 %6 %0 %0 %0 %0 %
Calcium Sulphate0 %0 %0 %0 %0 %0 %0 %0 %0 %0 %0 %0 %0 %
Exchangeable Sodium2 %0 %2 %3 %2 %1 %2 %1 %2 %5 %0 %0 %2 %
Electrical Conductivity0.2 dS m-10.1 dS m-10.1 dS m-10.1 dS m-10.1 dS m-10.1 dS m-10.1 dS m-10.1 dS m-10.1 dS m-10.1 dS m-10.1 dS m-10.1 dS m-10.1 dS m-1
Subsoil Properties
Gravel18 %33 %12 % 6 %3 %12 %3 % 9 %3 % 6 %
Sand40 %24 %41 % 39 %37 %41 %37 % 68 %86 % 75 %
Silt35 %27 %34 % 27 %34 %34 %34 % 17 %10 % 8 %
Clay25 %49 %25 % 34 %29 %25 %29 % 15 %4 % 17 %
USDA TextureLoamClayLoam Clay loamClay loamLoamClay loam Sandy loamLoamy sand Sandy loam
Reference Bulk Density1.37 g/cm³1.24 g/cm³1.38 g/cm³ 1.33 g/cm³1.35 g/cm³1.38 g/cm³1.35 g/cm³ 1.51 g/cm³1.73 g/cm³ 1.5 g/cm³
Bulk Density1.5 g/cm³1.35 g/cm³1.39 g/cm³ 1.65 g/cm³1.51 g/cm³1.39 g/cm³1.51 g/cm³ 1.5 g/cm³1.57 g/cm³ 1.57 g/cm³
Organic Carbon0.47 %0.61 %0.37 % 0.28 %0.36 %0.37 %0.36 % 0.27 %0.51 % 0.24 %
PH8.16.47 76.776.7 54.8 6.5
Clay Cation Exchange Capacity52 cmol kg⁻¹40 cmol kg⁻¹55 cmol kg⁻¹ 44 cmol kg⁻¹50 cmol kg⁻¹55 cmol kg⁻¹50 cmol kg⁻¹ 31 cmol kg⁻¹50 cmol kg⁻¹ 53 cmol kg⁻¹
Soil Cation Exchange Capacity15 cmol kg⁻¹23 cmol kg⁻¹15 cmol kg⁻¹ 16 cmol kg⁻¹14 cmol kg⁻¹15 cmol kg⁻¹14 cmol kg⁻¹ 5 cmol kg⁻¹2 cmol kg⁻¹ 10 cmol kg⁻¹
Base Saturation100 %55 %93 % 99 %93 %93 %93 % 36 %21 % 88 %
Total Exchangeable Bases36.5 cmol kg⁻¹11.6 cmol kg⁻¹15.1 cmol kg⁻¹ 15.9 cmol kg⁻¹13.1 cmol kg⁻¹15.1 cmol kg⁻¹13.1 cmol kg⁻¹ 1.4 cmol kg⁻¹1.5 cmol kg⁻¹ 8.1 cmol kg⁻¹
Calcium Carbonate15 %0 %0.1 % 0.4 %0 %0.1 %0 % 0 %0 % 0 %
Calcium Sulphate0 %0 %0 % 0 %0 %0 %0 % 0 %0 % 0 %
Exchangeable Sodium2 %0 %2 % 2 %1 %2 %1 % 5 %0 % 1 %
Electrical Conductivity0.3 dS m-10.1 dS m-10.1 dS m-1 0.1 dS m-10.1 dS m-10.1 dS m-10.1 dS m-1 0.1 dS m-10.1 dS m-1 0.1 dS m-1
Soil data provided by FAO/IIASA/ISRIC/ISSCAS/JRC, 2012. Harmonized World Soil Database (version 1.2). FAO, Rome, Italy and IIASA, Laxenburg, Austria.
Köppen climate classification provided by Kottek, M., J. Grieser, C. Beck, B. Rudolf, and F. Rubel, 2006: World Map of Köppen-Geiger Climate Classification updated. Meteorol. Z., 15, 259-263