Attributes / relations provided by
♦ ¹del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A., Sargatal, J., Christie, D.A. & de Juana, E. (eds.). Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona.
♦ ²R. W. Summers , S. Smith , M. Nicoll & N. K. Atkinson (1990) Tidal and sexual differences in the diet of Purple Sandpipers Calidris maritima in Scotland, Bird Study, 37:3, 187-194