World Species : Protected Area : Wilpattu National Park

Wilpattu National Park

Location:	Sri Lanka
IUCN Category:	II
Area:	320,298 acres (129,620 hectares)
Species:	All Endangered Invasive
Climate:	View Climate Data
Land Use:	View Land Use Data
Köppen climate classification:	As (Climate: equatorial; Precipitation: summer dry)

Ecoregions

Sri Lanka dry-zone dry evergreen forests

Soils

— Protected Area Boundary

	A					B						C					D

Share	40 %	30 %	10 %	10 %	10 %	50 %	30 %	5 %	5 %	5 %	5 %	40 %	30 %	10 %	10 %	10 %	30 %	20 %	20 %	10 %	10 %	10 %
Soil Type	Rhodic Ferralsols	Orthic Ferralsols	Pellic Vertisols	Calcaric Fluvisols	Lithosols	Chromic Luvisols	Gleyic Luvisols	Solonetz	Plinthic Luvisols	Eutric Fluvisols	Lithosols	Gleyic Solonchaks	Solonetz	Solodic Planosols	Pellic Vertisols	Thionic Fluvisols	Chromic Luvisols	Gleyic Luvisols	Lithosols	Solodic Planosols	Plinthic Luvisols	Eutric Fluvisols
Topsoil Texture	Medium	Medium	Fine	Medium	Medium	Medium	Medium	Medium	Medium	Medium	Medium	Medium	Medium	Medium	Fine	Medium	Medium	Medium	Medium	Medium	Medium	Medium
Reference Depth	100 cm	100 cm	100 cm	100 cm	10 cm	100 cm	100 cm	100 cm	100 cm	100 cm	10 cm	100 cm	100 cm	100 cm	100 cm	100 cm	100 cm	100 cm	10 cm	100 cm	100 cm	100 cm
Drainage	Moderately well	Moderately well	Poor	Poor	Imperfectly	Moderately well	Poor	Moderately well	Poor	Poor	Imperfectly	Poor	Moderately well	Poor	Poor	Poor	Moderately well	Poor	Imperfectly	Poor	Poor	Poor
Available Water Capacity	150 m	150 m	125 m	150 m	15 mm	150 m	150 m	150 m	150 m	150 m	15 mm	150 m	150 m	150 m	125 m	150 m	50 m	150 m	15 mm	150 m	150 m	150 m
Phase 1												Sodic					Petric
Misc. Property			Vertic (cracks of more than 1 cm wide)												Vertic (cracks of more than 1 cm wide)
Topsoil Properties
Gravel	3 %	3 %	2 %	10 %	26 %	9 %	5 %	5 %	5 %	4 %	26 %	6 %	5 %	4 %	2 %	4 %	9 %	5 %	26 %	4 %	5 %	4 %
Sand	62 %	60 %	20 %	35 %	43 %	47 %	42 %	42 %	49 %	39 %	43 %	36 %	42 %	41 %	20 %	30 %	47 %	42 %	43 %	41 %	49 %	39 %
Silt	12 %	14 %	24 %	47 %	34 %	29 %	36 %	34 %	29 %	41 %	34 %	43 %	34 %	35 %	24 %	41 %	29 %	36 %	34 %	35 %	29 %	41 %
Clay	26 %	26 %	56 %	18 %	23 %	24 %	22 %	24 %	22 %	20 %	23 %	21 %	24 %	24 %	56 %	29 %	24 %	22 %	23 %	24 %	22 %	20 %
USDA Texture	Sandy clay loam	Sandy clay loam	Clay	Loam	Loam	Loam	Loam	Loam	Loam	Loam	Loam	Loam	Loam	Loam	Clay	Clay loam	Loam	Loam	Loam	Loam	Loam	Loam
Reference Bulk Density	1.41 g/cm³	1.41 g/cm³	1.22 g/cm³	1.41 g/cm³	1.39 g/cm³	1.39 g/cm³	1.4 g/cm³	1.38 g/cm³	1.41 g/cm³	1.41 g/cm³	1.39 g/cm³	1.39 g/cm³	1.38 g/cm³	1.38 g/cm³	1.22 g/cm³	1.33 g/cm³	1.39 g/cm³	1.4 g/cm³	1.39 g/cm³	1.38 g/cm³	1.41 g/cm³	1.41 g/cm³
Bulk Density	1.34 g/cm³	1.4 g/cm³	1.31 g/cm³	1.39 g/cm³	1.3 g/cm³	1.54 g/cm³	1.4 g/cm³	1.48 g/cm³	1.6 g/cm³	1.36 g/cm³	1.3 g/cm³	1.41 g/cm³	1.48 g/cm³	1.38 g/cm³	1.31 g/cm³	1.19 g/cm³	1.54 g/cm³	1.4 g/cm³	1.3 g/cm³	1.38 g/cm³	1.6 g/cm³	1.36 g/cm³
Organic Carbon	0.68 %	1.06 %	1.2 %	0.6 %	1.4 %	0.86 %	0.94 %	0.7 %	1.01 %	0.9 %	1.4 %	0.42 %	0.7 %	0.85 %	1.2 %	3 %	0.86 %	0.94 %	1.4 %	0.85 %	1.01 %	0.9 %
PH	5.4	5	6.8	8	7.6	6.4	6.1	7.7	6.4	7.3	7.6	8.1	7.7	6.3	6.8	4.5	6.4	6.1	7.6	6.3	6.4	7.3
Clay Cation Exchange Capacity	9 cmol kg⁻¹	8 cmol kg⁻¹	68 cmol kg⁻¹	65 cmol kg⁻¹	42 cmol kg⁻¹	38 cmol kg⁻¹	46 cmol kg⁻¹	51 cmol kg⁻¹	26 cmol kg⁻¹	62 cmol kg⁻¹	42 cmol kg⁻¹	48 cmol kg⁻¹	51 cmol kg⁻¹	34 cmol kg⁻¹	68 cmol kg⁻¹	17 cmol kg⁻¹	38 cmol kg⁻¹	46 cmol kg⁻¹	42 cmol kg⁻¹	34 cmol kg⁻¹	26 cmol kg⁻¹	62 cmol kg⁻¹
Soil Cation Exchange Capacity	5 cmol kg⁻¹	6 cmol kg⁻¹	42 cmol kg⁻¹	14 cmol kg⁻¹	15 cmol kg⁻¹	12 cmol kg⁻¹	14 cmol kg⁻¹	17 cmol kg⁻¹	10 cmol kg⁻¹	16 cmol kg⁻¹	15 cmol kg⁻¹	11 cmol kg⁻¹	17 cmol kg⁻¹	10 cmol kg⁻¹	42 cmol kg⁻¹	18 cmol kg⁻¹	12 cmol kg⁻¹	14 cmol kg⁻¹	15 cmol kg⁻¹	10 cmol kg⁻¹	10 cmol kg⁻¹	16 cmol kg⁻¹
Base Saturation	75 %	38 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	89 %	89 %	100 %	66 %	91 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	73 %	100 %	93 %	89 %	89 %	100 %	73 %	66 %	91 %
Total Exchangeable Bases	2.8 cmol kg⁻¹	2 cmol kg⁻¹	41 cmol kg⁻¹	19.8 cmol kg⁻¹	15.6 cmol kg⁻¹	10 cmol kg⁻¹	9.8 cmol kg⁻¹	16.5 cmol kg⁻¹	6.9 cmol kg⁻¹	16.4 cmol kg⁻¹	15.6 cmol kg⁻¹	13.9 cmol kg⁻¹	16.5 cmol kg⁻¹	8.4 cmol kg⁻¹	41 cmol kg⁻¹	16.7 cmol kg⁻¹	10 cmol kg⁻¹	9.8 cmol kg⁻¹	15.6 cmol kg⁻¹	8.4 cmol kg⁻¹	6.9 cmol kg⁻¹	16.4 cmol kg⁻¹
Calcium Carbonate	0 %	0 %	0.2 %	11.7 %	3.9 %	0 %	0 %	5.2 %	0.1 %	1 %	3.9 %	9.5 %	5.2 %	0 %	0.2 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	3.9 %	0 %	0.1 %	1 %
Calcium Sulphate	0 %	0 %	0 %	0.2 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	6.5 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %
Exchangeable Sodium	2 %	3 %	1 %	2 %	4 %	1 %	1 %	13 %	2 %	2 %	4 %	46 %	13 %	5 %	1 %	0 %	1 %	1 %	4 %	5 %	2 %	2 %
Electrical Conductivity	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.7 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	14.5 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1
Subsoil Properties
Gravel	3 %	3 %	4 %	11 %		8 %	6 %	5 %	8 %	8 %		5 %	5 %	4 %	4 %	8 %	8 %	6 %		4 %	8 %	8 %
Sand	53 %	51 %	20 %	37 %		39 %	35 %	34 %	43 %	41 %		37 %	34 %	36 %	20 %	25 %	39 %	35 %		36 %	43 %	41 %
Silt	13 %	14 %	22 %	45 %		27 %	32 %	33 %	25 %	38 %		39 %	33 %	22 %	22 %	41 %	27 %	32 %		22 %	25 %	38 %
Clay	34 %	35 %	58 %	18 %		34 %	33 %	33 %	32 %	21 %		24 %	33 %	42 %	58 %	34 %	34 %	33 %		42 %	32 %	21 %
USDA Texture	Sandy clay loam	Sandy clay	Clay	Loam		Clay loam	Clay loam	Clay loam	Clay loam	Loam		Loam	Clay loam	Clay	Clay	Clay loam	Clay loam	Clay loam		Clay	Clay loam	Loam
Reference Bulk Density	1.35 g/cm³	1.35 g/cm³	1.21 g/cm³	1.42 g/cm³		1.33 g/cm³	1.32 g/cm³	1.32 g/cm³	1.34 g/cm³	1.4 g/cm³		1.37 g/cm³	1.32 g/cm³	1.29 g/cm³	1.21 g/cm³	1.3 g/cm³	1.33 g/cm³	1.32 g/cm³		1.29 g/cm³	1.34 g/cm³	1.4 g/cm³
Bulk Density	1.45 g/cm³	1.37 g/cm³	1.4 g/cm³	1.41 g/cm³		1.52 g/cm³	1.59 g/cm³	1.47 g/cm³	1.51 g/cm³	1.39 g/cm³		1.51 g/cm³	1.47 g/cm³	1.41 g/cm³	1.4 g/cm³	1.16 g/cm³	1.52 g/cm³	1.59 g/cm³		1.41 g/cm³	1.51 g/cm³	1.39 g/cm³
Organic Carbon	0.33 %	0.35 %	0.63 %	0.4 %		0.38 %	0.28 %	0.3 %	0.42 %	0.4 %		0.3 %	0.3 %	0.43 %	0.63 %	1.6 %	0.38 %	0.28 %		0.43 %	0.42 %	0.4 %
PH	5.3	5	7.4	8.1		6.3	6.5	8.5	5.4	7.5		8.1	8.5	6.9	7.4	3.6	6.3	6.5		6.9	5.4	7.5
Clay Cation Exchange Capacity	8 cmol kg⁻¹	9 cmol kg⁻¹	71 cmol kg⁻¹	84 cmol kg⁻¹		40 cmol kg⁻¹	45 cmol kg⁻¹	63 cmol kg⁻¹	26 cmol kg⁻¹	58 cmol kg⁻¹		46 cmol kg⁻¹	63 cmol kg⁻¹	39 cmol kg⁻¹	71 cmol kg⁻¹	26 cmol kg⁻¹	40 cmol kg⁻¹	45 cmol kg⁻¹		39 cmol kg⁻¹	26 cmol kg⁻¹	58 cmol kg⁻¹
Soil Cation Exchange Capacity	4 cmol kg⁻¹	4 cmol kg⁻¹	43 cmol kg⁻¹	13 cmol kg⁻¹		15 cmol kg⁻¹	15 cmol kg⁻¹	21 cmol kg⁻¹	7 cmol kg⁻¹	14 cmol kg⁻¹		12 cmol kg⁻¹	21 cmol kg⁻¹	15 cmol kg⁻¹	43 cmol kg⁻¹	13 cmol kg⁻¹	15 cmol kg⁻¹	15 cmol kg⁻¹		15 cmol kg⁻¹	7 cmol kg⁻¹	14 cmol kg⁻¹
Base Saturation	59 %	46 %	100 %	100 %		93 %	96 %	100 %	59 %	97 %		100 %	100 %	81 %	100 %	77 %	93 %	96 %		81 %	59 %	97 %
Total Exchangeable Bases	3.3 cmol kg⁻¹	2.8 cmol kg⁻¹	44.5 cmol kg⁻¹	20.7 cmol kg⁻¹		12.3 cmol kg⁻¹	14.3 cmol kg⁻¹	28.7 cmol kg⁻¹	5.2 cmol kg⁻¹	15.1 cmol kg⁻¹		18.2 cmol kg⁻¹	28.7 cmol kg⁻¹	12.5 cmol kg⁻¹	44.5 cmol kg⁻¹	11.9 cmol kg⁻¹	12.3 cmol kg⁻¹	14.3 cmol kg⁻¹		12.5 cmol kg⁻¹	5.2 cmol kg⁻¹	15.1 cmol kg⁻¹
Calcium Carbonate	0 %	0 %	3.4 %	12.2 %		0 %	0 %	9 %	0 %	3.9 %		12.3 %	9 %	2.4 %	3.4 %	0 %	0 %	0 %		2.4 %	0 %	3.9 %
Calcium Sulphate	0 %	0 %	0 %	0.3 %		0 %	0 %	0.1 %	0 %	0 %		4.1 %	0.1 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %		0 %	0 %	0 %
Exchangeable Sodium	2 %	3 %	2 %	3 %		1 %	1 %	29 %	1 %	3 %		54 %	29 %	12 %	2 %	5 %	1 %	1 %		12 %	1 %	3 %
Electrical Conductivity	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.5 dS m-1		0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	1.4 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1		2.8 dS m-1	1.4 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1		0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1

Soil data provided by FAO/IIASA/ISRIC/ISSCAS/JRC, 2012. Harmonized World Soil Database (version 1.2). FAO, Rome, Italy and IIASA, Laxenburg, Austria.

Köppen climate classification provided by Kottek, M., J. Grieser, C. Beck, B. Rudolf, and F. Rubel, 2006: World Map of Köppen-Geiger Climate Classification updated. Meteorol. Z., 15, 259-263