World Species : Protected Area : Reserva de Grazalema

Reserva de Grazalema

Location:	Spain
IUCN Category:	V
Area:	126,034 acres (51,004 hectares)
Species:	All Endangered Invasive
Climate:	View Climate Data
Land Use:	View Land Use Data
Köppen climate classification:	Csa (Climate: warm temperate; Precipitation: summer dry; Temperature: hot summer)

Ecoregions

Iberian sclerophyllous and semi-deciduous forests
Southwest Iberian Mediterranean sclerophyllous and mixed forests

Soils

— Protected Area Boundary

	A				B				C					D				E

Share	50 %	20 %	15 %	15 %	50 %	25 %	20 %	5 %	35 %	20 %	20 %	20 %	5 %	70 %	20 %	5 %	5 %	60 %	40 %
Soil Type	Humic Cambisols	Dystric Cambisols	Umbric Leptosols	Lithic Leptosols	Rendzic Leptosols	Humic Cambisols	Lithic Leptosols	Chromic Luvisols	Lithic Leptosols	Calcaric Cambisols	Rendzic Leptosols	Calcaric Phaeozems	Chromic Luvisols	Calcaric Cambisols	Calcaric Regosols	Chromic Luvisols	Haplic Solonchaks	Calcaric Cambisols	Calcaric Regosols
Topsoil Texture	Medium	Medium	Medium	Medium	Medium	Medium	Medium	Medium	Medium	Medium	Medium	Medium	Fine	Fine	Fine	Fine	Fine	Medium	Medium
Reference Depth	100 cm	100 cm	30 cm	10 cm	30 cm	100 cm	10 cm	100 cm	10 cm	100 cm	30 cm	100 cm	100 cm	100 cm	100 cm	100 cm	100 cm	100 cm	100 cm
Drainage	Imperfectly	Imperfectly	Imperfectly	Imperfectly	Imperfectly	Imperfectly	Imperfectly	Imperfectly	Imperfectly	Imperfectly	Imperfectly	Imperfectly	Imperfectly	Moderately well	Moderately well	Moderately well	Moderately well	Moderately well	Moderately well
Available Water Capacity	15 m	15 m	15 mm	0 mm	50 mm	50 m	15 mm	50 m	15 mm	15 m	15 mm	15 m	15 m	50 m	15 m	50 m	50 m	150 m	100 m
Phase 1	Lithic	Lithic	Gravelly	Gravelly		Lithic		Lithic	Stony	Lithic	Stony	Lithic	Lithic	Gravelly	Gravelly	Gravelly	Saline
Phase 2	Gravelly	Gravelly								Stony		Stony	Stony	Petrocalcic		Petrocalcic	Gravelly
Root Obstacle	20 - 40 cm	20 - 40 cm				20 - 40 cm		20 - 40 cm		40 - 60 cm		40 - 60 cm	40 - 60 cm	None to 80 cm	20 - 40 cm	None to 80 cm	None to 80 cm	None to 80 cm	20 - 40 cm
Impermeable Layer	None to 150 cm	None to 150 cm				None to 150 cm		None to 150 cm		None to 150 cm		None to 150 cm	None to 150 cm	None to 150 cm	40 - 80 cm	None to 150 cm	None to 150 cm	None to 150 cm	40 - 80 cm
Soil Water Regime	Wet within 80 cm for 3 to 6 months, but not wet within 40 cm for over 1 month	Wet within 80 cm for 3 to 6 months, but not wet within 40 cm for over 1 month				Not wet within 80 cm for over 3 months, nor wet within 40 cm for over 1 month		Not wet within 80 cm for over 3 months, nor wet within 40 cm for over 1 month		Not wet within 80 cm for over 3 months, nor wet within 40 cm for over 1 month		Not wet within 80 cm for over 3 months, nor wet within 40 cm for over 1 month	Not wet within 80 cm for over 3 months, nor wet within 40 cm for over 1 month	Not wet within 80 cm for over 3 months, nor wet within 40 cm for over 1 month	Not wet within 80 cm for over 3 months, nor wet within 40 cm for over 1 month	Not wet within 80 cm for over 3 months, nor wet within 40 cm for over 1 month	Not wet within 80 cm for over 3 months, nor wet within 40 cm for over 1 month	Not wet within 80 cm for over 3 months, nor wet within 40 cm for over 1 month	Not wet within 80 cm for over 3 months, nor wet within 40 cm for over 1 month
Topsoil Properties
Gravel	8 %	10 %	6 %	21 %	16 %	8 %	21 %	12 %	21 %	6 %	16 %	3 %	4 %	5 %	48 %	4 %	4 %	6 %	14 %
Sand	41 %	42 %	49 %	42 %	37 %	41 %	42 %	48 %	42 %	36 %	37 %	35 %	27 %	19 %	22 %	27 %	19 %	36 %	44 %
Silt	36 %	38 %	31 %	34 %	44 %	36 %	34 %	28 %	34 %	43 %	44 %	43 %	27 %	32 %	36 %	27 %	29 %	43 %	35 %
Clay	23 %	20 %	20 %	24 %	19 %	23 %	24 %	24 %	24 %	21 %	19 %	22 %	46 %	49 %	42 %	46 %	52 %	21 %	21 %
USDA Texture	Loam	Loam	Loam	Loam	Loam	Loam	Loam	Loam	Loam	Loam	Loam	Loam	Clay	Clay	Clay	Clay	Clay	Loam	Loam
Reference Bulk Density	1.39 g/cm³	1.41 g/cm³	1.43 g/cm³	1.38 g/cm³	1.41 g/cm³	1.39 g/cm³	1.38 g/cm³	1.4 g/cm³	1.38 g/cm³	1.39 g/cm³	1.41 g/cm³	1.38 g/cm³	1.26 g/cm³	1.24 g/cm³	1.27 g/cm³	1.26 g/cm³	1.23 g/cm³	1.39 g/cm³	1.41 g/cm³
Bulk Density	1.1 g/cm³	1.3 g/cm³	1.1 g/cm³	1.3 g/cm³	1.24 g/cm³	1.1 g/cm³	1.3 g/cm³	1.53 g/cm³	1.3 g/cm³	1.41 g/cm³	1.24 g/cm³	1.46 g/cm³	1.37 g/cm³	1.28 g/cm³	1.28 g/cm³	1.37 g/cm³	1.23 g/cm³	1.41 g/cm³	1.37 g/cm³
Organic Carbon	2.72 %	1.45 %	2.4 %	1.61 %	2.13 %	2.72 %	1.61 %	0.83 %	1.61 %	0.65 %	2.13 %	1.37 %	1.2 %	0.87 %	1.83 %	1.2 %	0.54 %	0.65 %	0.75 %
PH	5.3	5.1	5.1	7.5	7.5	5.3	7.5	6.3	7.5	8	7.5	7.9	6.3	7.8	7.6	6.3	8.9	8	8
Clay Cation Exchange Capacity	52 cmol kg⁻¹	32 cmol kg⁻¹	34 cmol kg⁻¹	42 cmol kg⁻¹	80 cmol kg⁻¹	52 cmol kg⁻¹	42 cmol kg⁻¹	39 cmol kg⁻¹	42 cmol kg⁻¹	52 cmol kg⁻¹	80 cmol kg⁻¹	67 cmol kg⁻¹	31 cmol kg⁻¹	57 cmol kg⁻¹	32 cmol kg⁻¹	31 cmol kg⁻¹	48 cmol kg⁻¹	52 cmol kg⁻¹	45 cmol kg⁻¹
Soil Cation Exchange Capacity	21 cmol kg⁻¹	12 cmol kg⁻¹	12 cmol kg⁻¹	16 cmol kg⁻¹	27 cmol kg⁻¹	21 cmol kg⁻¹	16 cmol kg⁻¹	12 cmol kg⁻¹	16 cmol kg⁻¹	16 cmol kg⁻¹	27 cmol kg⁻¹	17 cmol kg⁻¹	19 cmol kg⁻¹	30 cmol kg⁻¹	23 cmol kg⁻¹	19 cmol kg⁻¹	31 cmol kg⁻¹	16 cmol kg⁻¹	17 cmol kg⁻¹
Base Saturation	25 %	38 %	36 %	100 %	100 %	25 %	100 %	88 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	79 %	100 %	62 %	79 %	100 %	100 %	100 %
Total Exchangeable Bases	5.4 cmol kg⁻¹	4.3 cmol kg⁻¹	4.7 cmol kg⁻¹	15.5 cmol kg⁻¹	28.8 cmol kg⁻¹	5.4 cmol kg⁻¹	15.5 cmol kg⁻¹	10 cmol kg⁻¹	15.5 cmol kg⁻¹	24.3 cmol kg⁻¹	28.8 cmol kg⁻¹	25.8 cmol kg⁻¹	13.4 cmol kg⁻¹	46.6 cmol kg⁻¹	12.9 cmol kg⁻¹	13.4 cmol kg⁻¹	46.5 cmol kg⁻¹	24.3 cmol kg⁻¹	26.8 cmol kg⁻¹
Calcium Carbonate	0 %	0 %	0 %	3.9 %	6 %	0 %	3.9 %	0 %	3.9 %	7 %	6 %	3.4 %	0 %	4.9 %	3 %	0 %	3 %	7 %	15 %
Calcium Sulphate	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0.1 %	0 %	0 %	0.4 %	0 %	0 %
Exchangeable Sodium	1 %	2 %	4 %	3 %	2 %	1 %	3 %	1 %	3 %	1 %	2 %	1 %	1 %	1 %	1 %	1 %	43 %	1 %	2 %
Electrical Conductivity	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.4 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.2 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.2 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	5.9 dS m-1	0.4 dS m-1	0.2 dS m-1
Subsoil Properties
Gravel	6 %	19 %				6 %		8 %		10 %		5 %	6 %	5 %	33 %	6 %	6 %	10 %	18 %
Sand	44 %	45 %				44 %		41 %		34 %		35 %	21 %	23 %	21 %	21 %	33 %	34 %	40 %
Silt	32 %	35 %				32 %		25 %		43 %		44 %	25 %	35 %	36 %	25 %	28 %	43 %	35 %
Clay	24 %	20 %				24 %		34 %		23 %		21 %	54 %	42 %	43 %	54 %	39 %	23 %	25 %
USDA Texture	Loam	Loam				Loam		Clay loam		Loam		Loam	Clay	Clay	Clay	Clay	Clay	Loam	Loam
Reference Bulk Density	1.39 g/cm³	1.42 g/cm³				1.39 g/cm³		1.33 g/cm³		1.38 g/cm³		1.39 g/cm³	1.22 g/cm³	1.26 g/cm³	1.25 g/cm³	1.22 g/cm³	1.29 g/cm³	1.38 g/cm³	1.37 g/cm³
Bulk Density	1.16 g/cm³	1.36 g/cm³				1.16 g/cm³		1.51 g/cm³		1.45 g/cm³		1.44 g/cm³	1.4 g/cm³	1.35 g/cm³	1.35 g/cm³	1.4 g/cm³	1.31 g/cm³	1.45 g/cm³	1.5 g/cm³
Organic Carbon	1.07 %	0.5 %				1.07 %		0.4 %		0.43 %		0.48 %	0.58 %	0.39 %	0.5 %	0.58 %	0.38 %	0.43 %	0.47 %
PH	5.3	5.2				5.3		6.4		8.1		8.2	6.4	8.1	7.8	6.4	9	8.1	8.1
Clay Cation Exchange Capacity	37 cmol kg⁻¹	35 cmol kg⁻¹				37 cmol kg⁻¹		41 cmol kg⁻¹		54 cmol kg⁻¹		71 cmol kg⁻¹	33 cmol kg⁻¹	58 cmol kg⁻¹	39 cmol kg⁻¹	33 cmol kg⁻¹	50 cmol kg⁻¹	54 cmol kg⁻¹	52 cmol kg⁻¹
Soil Cation Exchange Capacity	14 cmol kg⁻¹	9 cmol kg⁻¹				14 cmol kg⁻¹		15 cmol kg⁻¹		16 cmol kg⁻¹		14 cmol kg⁻¹	20 cmol kg⁻¹	26 cmol kg⁻¹	20 cmol kg⁻¹	20 cmol kg⁻¹	31 cmol kg⁻¹	16 cmol kg⁻¹	15 cmol kg⁻¹
Base Saturation	30 %	33 %				30 %		90 %		100 %		100 %	83 %	100 %	55 %	83 %	100 %	100 %	100 %
Total Exchangeable Bases	2.5 cmol kg⁻¹	2.6 cmol kg⁻¹				2.5 cmol kg⁻¹		12 cmol kg⁻¹		28.7 cmol kg⁻¹		22.2 cmol kg⁻¹	13.1 cmol kg⁻¹	44.8 cmol kg⁻¹	11.6 cmol kg⁻¹	13.1 cmol kg⁻¹	55.3 cmol kg⁻¹	28.7 cmol kg⁻¹	36.5 cmol kg⁻¹
Calcium Carbonate	0 %	0 %				0 %		0 %		8.7 %		11.4 %	0 %	11.2 %	3 %	0 %	3 %	8.7 %	15 %
Calcium Sulphate	0 %	0 %				0 %		0 %		0.4 %		0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0.5 %	0.4 %	0 %
Exchangeable Sodium	2 %	2 %				2 %		1 %		1 %		2 %	1 %	2 %	3 %	1 %	42 %	1 %	2 %
Electrical Conductivity	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1				0.1 dS m-1		0.1 dS m-1		0.3 dS m-1		0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.2 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	14.8 dS m-1	0.3 dS m-1	0.3 dS m-1

Soil data provided by FAO/IIASA/ISRIC/ISSCAS/JRC, 2012. Harmonized World Soil Database (version 1.2). FAO, Rome, Italy and IIASA, Laxenburg, Austria.

Köppen climate classification provided by Kottek, M., J. Grieser, C. Beck, B. Rudolf, and F. Rubel, 2006: World Map of Köppen-Geiger Climate Classification updated. Meteorol. Z., 15, 259-263