World Species : Protected Area : Royal Chitwan National Park

Royal Chitwan National Park

Location:	Nepal
IUCN Category:	II
Area:	292,637 acres (118,426 hectares)
Species:	All Endangered Invasive
Climate:	View Climate Data
Land Use:	View Land Use Data
Köppen climate classification:	Cwa (Climate: warm temperate; Precipitation: winter dry; Temperature: hot summer)

Ecoregions

Himalayan subtropical broadleaf forests
Terai-Duar savanna and grasslands

Soils

— Protected Area Boundary

	A							B		C						D						E

Share	44 %	20 %	20 %	4 %	4 %	4 %	4 %	70 %	30 %	30 %	20 %	20 %	20 %	5 %	5 %	30 %	20 %	20 %	20 %	5 %	5 %	40 %	20 %	20 %	10 %	10 %
Soil Type	Dystric Cambisols	Lithosols	Orthic Acrisols	Histosols	Gleysols	Humic Cambisols	Chromic Cambisols	Humic Cambisols	Eutric Cambisols	Eutric Fluvisols	Orthic Luvisols	Calcaric Fluvisols	Mollic Gleysols	Calcic Luvisols	Haplic Phaeozems	Eutric Fluvisols	Rankers	Haplic Phaeozems	Humic Cambisols	Ferric Luvisols	Chromic Cambisols	Dystric Regosols	Calcaric Regosols	Chromic Cambisols	Eutric Nitosols	Orthic Ferralsols
Topsoil Texture	Medium	Medium	Medium	Medium	Medium	Medium	Fine	Medium	Medium	Medium	Medium	Medium	Medium	Medium	Medium	Medium	Medium	Medium	Medium	Medium	Fine	Medium	Medium	Fine	Medium	Medium
Reference Depth	100 cm	10 cm	100 cm	100 cm	100 cm	100 cm	100 cm	100 cm	100 cm	100 cm	100 cm	100 cm	100 cm	100 cm	100 cm	100 cm	30 cm	100 cm	100 cm	100 cm	100 cm	100 cm	100 cm	100 cm	100 cm	100 cm
Drainage	Moderately well	Imperfectly	Moderately well	Very poor	Poor	Moderately well	Moderately well	Moderately well	Moderately well	Poor	Moderately well	Poor	Poor	Moderately well	Moderately well	Poor	Imperfectly	Moderately well	Moderately well	Moderately well	Moderately well	Moderately well	Moderately well	Moderately well	Moderately well	Moderately well
Available Water Capacity	100 m	15 mm	150 m	150 m	150 m	150 m	150 m	150 m	150 m	150 m	150 m	150 m	150 m	150 m	150 m	150 m	50 mm	150 m	150 m	150 m	150 m	100 m	150 m	150 m	150 m	150 m
Phase 1	Stony																					Stony
Topsoil Properties
Gravel	10 %	26 %	10 %	15 %	4 %	8 %	3 %	8 %	9 %	4 %	4 %	10 %	4 %	6 %	7 %	4 %	10 %	7 %	8 %	11 %	3 %	20 %	17 %	3 %	10 %	3 %
Sand	41 %	43 %	49 %	26 %	38 %	41 %	20 %	41 %	42 %	39 %	47 %	35 %	38 %	50 %	39 %	39 %	48 %	39 %	41 %	56 %	20 %	42 %	43 %	20 %	49 %	60 %
Silt	39 %	34 %	27 %	35 %	40 %	36 %	30 %	36 %	36 %	41 %	32 %	47 %	40 %	29 %	38 %	41 %	31 %	38 %	36 %	20 %	30 %	37 %	35 %	30 %	28 %	14 %
Clay	20 %	23 %	24 %	39 %	22 %	23 %	50 %	23 %	22 %	20 %	21 %	18 %	22 %	21 %	23 %	20 %	21 %	23 %	23 %	24 %	50 %	21 %	22 %	50 %	23 %	26 %
USDA Texture	Loam	Loam	Sandy clay loam	Clay	Loam	Loam	Clay	Loam	Loam	Loam	Loam	Loam	Loam	Loam	Loam	Loam	Loam	Loam	Loam	Sandy clay loam	Clay	Loam	Loam	Clay	Loam	Sandy clay loam
Reference Bulk Density	1.41 g/cm³	1.39 g/cm³	1.4 g/cm³	1.28 g/cm³	1.39 g/cm³	1.39 g/cm³	1.23 g/cm³	1.39 g/cm³	1.4 g/cm³	1.41 g/cm³	1.41 g/cm³	1.41 g/cm³	1.39 g/cm³	1.42 g/cm³	1.38 g/cm³	1.41 g/cm³	1.42 g/cm³	1.38 g/cm³	1.39 g/cm³	1.41 g/cm³	1.23 g/cm³	1.4 g/cm³	1.4 g/cm³	1.23 g/cm³	1.4 g/cm³	1.41 g/cm³
Bulk Density	1.3 g/cm³	1.3 g/cm³	1.4 g/cm³	0.26 g/cm³	1.33 g/cm³	1.1 g/cm³	1.23 g/cm³	1.1 g/cm³	1.37 g/cm³	1.36 g/cm³	1.42 g/cm³	1.39 g/cm³	1.28 g/cm³	1.53 g/cm³	1.33 g/cm³	1.36 g/cm³	1.45 g/cm³	1.33 g/cm³	1.1 g/cm³	1.48 g/cm³	1.23 g/cm³	1.37 g/cm³	1.4 g/cm³	1.23 g/cm³	1.49 g/cm³	1.4 g/cm³
Organic Carbon	1.45 %	1.4 %	1 %	35.27 %	1.27 %	2.72 %	1.43 %	2.72 %	1 %	0.9 %	0.82 %	0.6 %	1.74 %	0.5 %	1.83 %	0.9 %	1.43 %	1.83 %	2.72 %	0.74 %	1.43 %	1.37 %	0.77 %	1.43 %	0.58 %	1.06 %
PH	5.1	7.6	4.6	5	5.8	5.2	6.8	5.2	6.6	7.3	6.2	8	6.5	8.1	6.4	7.3	5.1	6.4	5.2	6.3	6.8	5.1	8	6.8	6.2	5
Clay Cation Exchange Capacity	30 cmol kg⁻¹	42 cmol kg⁻¹	16 cmol kg⁻¹	45 cmol kg⁻¹	35 cmol kg⁻¹	54 cmol kg⁻¹	35 cmol kg⁻¹	54 cmol kg⁻¹	55 cmol kg⁻¹	62 cmol kg⁻¹	35 cmol kg⁻¹	65 cmol kg⁻¹	45 cmol kg⁻¹	53 cmol kg⁻¹	55 cmol kg⁻¹	62 cmol kg⁻¹	18 cmol kg⁻¹	55 cmol kg⁻¹	54 cmol kg⁻¹	23 cmol kg⁻¹	35 cmol kg⁻¹	23 cmol kg⁻¹	40 cmol kg⁻¹	35 cmol kg⁻¹	32 cmol kg⁻¹	8 cmol kg⁻¹
Soil Cation Exchange Capacity	12 cmol kg⁻¹	15 cmol kg⁻¹	7 cmol kg⁻¹	80 cmol kg⁻¹	12 cmol kg⁻¹	21 cmol kg⁻¹	21 cmol kg⁻¹	21 cmol kg⁻¹	16 cmol kg⁻¹	16 cmol kg⁻¹	11 cmol kg⁻¹	14 cmol kg⁻¹	17 cmol kg⁻¹	15 cmol kg⁻¹	18 cmol kg⁻¹	16 cmol kg⁻¹	9 cmol kg⁻¹	18 cmol kg⁻¹	21 cmol kg⁻¹	7 cmol kg⁻¹	21 cmol kg⁻¹	11 cmol kg⁻¹	17 cmol kg⁻¹	21 cmol kg⁻¹	9 cmol kg⁻¹	6 cmol kg⁻¹
Base Saturation	37 %	100 %	44 %	64 %	82 %	24 %	91 %	24 %	93 %	91 %	88 %	100 %	87 %	100 %	87 %	91 %	47 %	87 %	24 %	85 %	91 %	22 %	100 %	91 %	81 %	38 %
Total Exchangeable Bases	4.1 cmol kg⁻¹	15.6 cmol kg⁻¹	3.5 cmol kg⁻¹	45.4 cmol kg⁻¹	8.8 cmol kg⁻¹	5 cmol kg⁻¹	20.8 cmol kg⁻¹	5 cmol kg⁻¹	13.8 cmol kg⁻¹	16.4 cmol kg⁻¹	8.3 cmol kg⁻¹	19.8 cmol kg⁻¹	9.9 cmol kg⁻¹	18.9 cmol kg⁻¹	11.4 cmol kg⁻¹	16.4 cmol kg⁻¹	3.7 cmol kg⁻¹	11.4 cmol kg⁻¹	5 cmol kg⁻¹	6.1 cmol kg⁻¹	20.8 cmol kg⁻¹	2.6 cmol kg⁻¹	31.1 cmol kg⁻¹	20.8 cmol kg⁻¹	7.2 cmol kg⁻¹	2 cmol kg⁻¹
Calcium Carbonate	0 %	3.9 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0.1 %	0 %	0 %	1 %	0 %	11.7 %	0 %	10.8 %	0 %	1 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0.1 %	0 %	15 %	0.1 %	0 %	0 %
Calcium Sulphate	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0.2 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %
Exchangeable Sodium	1 %	4 %	1 %	1 %	2 %	1 %	1 %	1 %	2 %	2 %	1 %	2 %	2 %	1 %	1 %	2 %	2 %	1 %	1 %	2 %	1 %	2 %	2 %	1 %	1 %	3 %
Electrical Conductivity	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.7 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.2 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.3 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1
Subsoil Properties
Gravel	20 %		10 %	1 %	5 %	8 %	4 %	8 %	12 %	8 %	5 %	11 %	3 %	10 %	3 %	8 %		3 %	8 %	10 %	4 %	35 %	18 %	4 %	5 %	3 %
Sand	45 %		40 %	43 %	37 %	44 %	20 %	44 %	40 %	41 %	40 %	37 %	37 %	46 %	43 %	41 %		43 %	44 %	44 %	20 %	44 %	38 %	20 %	38 %	51 %
Silt	35 %		24 %	28 %	35 %	32 %	29 %	32 %	35 %	38 %	29 %	45 %	35 %	29 %	35 %	38 %		35 %	32 %	19 %	29 %	35 %	36 %	29 %	23 %	14 %
Clay	20 %		36 %	29 %	28 %	24 %	51 %	24 %	25 %	21 %	31 %	18 %	28 %	25 %	22 %	21 %		22 %	24 %	37 %	51 %	21 %	26 %	51 %	39 %	35 %
USDA Texture	Loam		Clay loam	Loam	Clay loam	Loam	Clay	Loam	Loam	Loam	Clay loam	Loam	Clay loam	Loam	Loam	Loam		Loam	Loam	Clay loam	Clay	Loam	Loam	Clay	Clay loam	Sandy clay
Reference Bulk Density	1.42 g/cm³		1.32 g/cm³	1.35 g/cm³	1.35 g/cm³	1.39 g/cm³	1.23 g/cm³	1.39 g/cm³	1.38 g/cm³	1.4 g/cm³	1.34 g/cm³	1.42 g/cm³	1.35 g/cm³	1.39 g/cm³	1.4 g/cm³	1.4 g/cm³		1.4 g/cm³	1.39 g/cm³	1.32 g/cm³	1.23 g/cm³	1.41 g/cm³	1.36 g/cm³	1.23 g/cm³	1.31 g/cm³	1.35 g/cm³
Bulk Density	1.37 g/cm³		1.4 g/cm³	0.16 g/cm³	1.43 g/cm³	1.16 g/cm³	1.38 g/cm³	1.16 g/cm³	1.39 g/cm³	1.39 g/cm³	1.5 g/cm³	1.41 g/cm³	1.36 g/cm³	1.61 g/cm³	1.39 g/cm³	1.39 g/cm³		1.39 g/cm³	1.16 g/cm³	1.47 g/cm³	1.38 g/cm³	1.53 g/cm³	1.52 g/cm³	1.38 g/cm³	1.54 g/cm³	1.37 g/cm³
Organic Carbon	0.5 %		0.42 %	33.85 %	0.42 %	1.03 %	0.6 %	1.03 %	0.4 %	0.4 %	0.39 %	0.4 %	0.67 %	0.32 %	0.64 %	0.4 %		0.64 %	1.03 %	0.34 %	0.6 %	0.6 %	0.53 %	0.6 %	0.4 %	0.35 %
PH	5.2		4.8	5.2	6.3	5.2	7.2	5.2	7	7.5	6.2	8.1	7	8.2	6.8	7.5		6.8	5.2	6	7.2	4.9	8.1	7.2	6.3	5
Clay Cation Exchange Capacity	36 cmol kg⁻¹		14 cmol kg⁻¹	49 cmol kg⁻¹	38 cmol kg⁻¹	38 cmol kg⁻¹	33 cmol kg⁻¹	38 cmol kg⁻¹	51 cmol kg⁻¹	58 cmol kg⁻¹	33 cmol kg⁻¹	84 cmol kg⁻¹	44 cmol kg⁻¹	49 cmol kg⁻¹	64 cmol kg⁻¹	58 cmol kg⁻¹		64 cmol kg⁻¹	38 cmol kg⁻¹	21 cmol kg⁻¹	33 cmol kg⁻¹	18 cmol kg⁻¹	50 cmol kg⁻¹	33 cmol kg⁻¹	41 cmol kg⁻¹	9 cmol kg⁻¹
Soil Cation Exchange Capacity	9 cmol kg⁻¹		6 cmol kg⁻¹	79 cmol kg⁻¹	12 cmol kg⁻¹	15 cmol kg⁻¹	23 cmol kg⁻¹	15 cmol kg⁻¹	15 cmol kg⁻¹	14 cmol kg⁻¹	12 cmol kg⁻¹	13 cmol kg⁻¹	14 cmol kg⁻¹	15 cmol kg⁻¹	16 cmol kg⁻¹	14 cmol kg⁻¹		16 cmol kg⁻¹	15 cmol kg⁻¹	8 cmol kg⁻¹	23 cmol kg⁻¹	6 cmol kg⁻¹	15 cmol kg⁻¹	23 cmol kg⁻¹	15 cmol kg⁻¹	4 cmol kg⁻¹
Base Saturation	33 %		32 %	59 %	86 %	30 %	97 %	30 %	93 %	97 %	87 %	100 %	94 %	100 %	92 %	97 %		92 %	30 %	77 %	97 %	25 %	100 %	97 %	82 %	46 %
Total Exchangeable Bases	2.6 cmol kg⁻¹		2.3 cmol kg⁻¹	55.3 cmol kg⁻¹	9.5 cmol kg⁻¹	2.5 cmol kg⁻¹	19.5 cmol kg⁻¹	2.5 cmol kg⁻¹	14.4 cmol kg⁻¹	15.1 cmol kg⁻¹	9.6 cmol kg⁻¹	20.7 cmol kg⁻¹	11 cmol kg⁻¹	24.1 cmol kg⁻¹	12.2 cmol kg⁻¹	15.1 cmol kg⁻¹		12.2 cmol kg⁻¹	2.5 cmol kg⁻¹	6.6 cmol kg⁻¹	19.5 cmol kg⁻¹	2.1 cmol kg⁻¹	41.1 cmol kg⁻¹	19.5 cmol kg⁻¹	9.4 cmol kg⁻¹	2.8 cmol kg⁻¹
Calcium Carbonate	0 %		0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0.5 %	0 %	0.1 %	3.9 %	0 %	12.2 %	0.4 %	13 %	0 %	3.9 %		0 %	0 %	0 %	0.5 %	0 %	15 %	0.5 %	0 %	0 %
Calcium Sulphate	0 %		0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0.3 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %		0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %
Exchangeable Sodium	1 %		2 %	1 %	2 %	2 %	1 %	2 %	2 %	3 %	1 %	3 %	1 %	1 %	1 %	3 %		1 %	2 %	2 %	1 %	2 %	1 %	1 %	1 %	3 %
Electrical Conductivity	0.1 dS m-1		0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.5 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.3 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1		0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.3 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1

Soil data provided by FAO/IIASA/ISRIC/ISSCAS/JRC, 2012. Harmonized World Soil Database (version 1.2). FAO, Rome, Italy and IIASA, Laxenburg, Austria.

Köppen climate classification provided by Kottek, M., J. Grieser, C. Beck, B. Rudolf, and F. Rubel, 2006: World Map of Köppen-Geiger Climate Classification updated. Meteorol. Z., 15, 259-263