World Species : Protected Area : Khammouane Limestone National Biodiversity Conservation

Khammouane Limestone National Biodiversity Conservation

Location:	Laos
IUCN Category:	VI
Area:	558,864 acres (226,164 hectares)
Species:	All Endangered Invasive
Climate:	View Climate Data
Land Use:	View Land Use Data
Köppen climate classification:	Aw (Climate: equatorial; Precipitation: winter dry)

Ecoregions

Northern Annamites rain forests

Soils

— Protected Area Boundary

	A					B					C			D

Share	40 %	20 %	20 %	10 %	10 %	35 %	35 %	10 %	10 %	10 %	34 %	33 %	33 %	40 %	30 %	10 %	10 %	10 %
Soil Type	Orthic Acrisols	Dystric Nitosols	Ferric Acrisols	Lithosols	Ferralic Cambisols	Orthic Acrisols	Orthic Acrisols	Lithosols	Dystric Cambisols	Humic Acrisols	Lithosols	Chromic Luvisols	Calcic Cambisols	Dystric Nitosols	Dystric Cambisols	Chromic Vertisols	Lithosols	Rendzinas
Topsoil Texture	Medium	Medium	Medium	Medium	Medium	Medium	Fine	Medium	Medium	Medium	Medium	Medium	Medium	Fine	Medium	Fine	Medium	Medium
Reference Depth	100 cm	100 cm	100 cm	10 cm	100 cm	100 cm	100 cm	10 cm	100 cm	100 cm	10 cm	100 cm	100 cm	100 cm	100 cm	100 cm	10 cm	30 cm
Drainage	Moderately well	Moderately well	Moderately well	Imperfectly	Moderately well	Imperfectly	Imperfectly	Imperfectly	Moderately well	Moderately well	Imperfectly	Moderately well	Moderately well	Moderately well	Moderately well	Poor	Imperfectly	Imperfectly
Available Water Capacity	150 m	150 m	150 m	15 mm	150 m	50 m	50 m	15 mm	150 m	150 m	15 mm	150 m	150 m	150 m	150 m	125 m	15 mm	50 mm
Phase 1						Lithic	Lithic
Misc. Property																Vertic (cracks of more than 1 cm wide)
Topsoil Properties
Gravel	10 %	11 %	23 %	26 %	1 %	10 %	4 %	26 %	10 %	5 %	26 %	9 %	10 %	1 %	10 %	4 %	26 %	10 %
Sand	49 %	44 %	53 %	43 %	52 %	49 %	29 %	43 %	41 %	46 %	43 %	47 %	38 %	22 %	41 %	16 %	43 %	42 %
Silt	27 %	33 %	22 %	34 %	25 %	27 %	25 %	34 %	39 %	30 %	34 %	29 %	41 %	23 %	39 %	29 %	34 %	38 %
Clay	24 %	23 %	25 %	23 %	23 %	24 %	46 %	23 %	20 %	24 %	23 %	24 %	21 %	55 %	20 %	55 %	23 %	20 %
USDA Texture	Sandy clay loam	Loam	Sandy clay loam	Loam	Sandy clay loam	Sandy clay loam	Clay	Loam	Loam	Loam	Loam	Loam	Loam	Clay	Loam	Clay	Loam	Loam
Reference Bulk Density	1.4 g/cm³	1.39 g/cm³	1.4 g/cm³	1.39 g/cm³	1.41 g/cm³	1.4 g/cm³	1.26 g/cm³	1.39 g/cm³	1.41 g/cm³	1.39 g/cm³	1.39 g/cm³	1.39 g/cm³	1.4 g/cm³	1.22 g/cm³	1.41 g/cm³	1.21 g/cm³	1.39 g/cm³	1.41 g/cm³
Bulk Density	1.4 g/cm³	1.35 g/cm³	1.4 g/cm³	1.3 g/cm³	1.31 g/cm³	1.4 g/cm³	1.27 g/cm³	1.3 g/cm³	1.3 g/cm³	1.3 g/cm³	1.3 g/cm³	1.54 g/cm³	1.42 g/cm³	1.2 g/cm³	1.3 g/cm³	1.65 g/cm³	1.3 g/cm³	1.3 g/cm³
Organic Carbon	1 %	0.99 %	0.98 %	1.4 %	0.95 %	1 %	1.07 %	1.4 %	1.45 %	1.73 %	1.4 %	0.86 %	0.63 %	1.32 %	1.45 %	0.75 %	1.4 %	1.96 %
PH	4.6	4.9	5.1	7.6	4.7	4.6	4.6	7.6	5.1	5	7.6	6.4	8	5.6	5.1	7.9	7.6	7
Clay Cation Exchange Capacity	16 cmol kg⁻¹	20 cmol kg⁻¹	14 cmol kg⁻¹	42 cmol kg⁻¹	16 cmol kg⁻¹	16 cmol kg⁻¹	13 cmol kg⁻¹	42 cmol kg⁻¹	30 cmol kg⁻¹	19 cmol kg⁻¹	42 cmol kg⁻¹	38 cmol kg⁻¹	56 cmol kg⁻¹	17 cmol kg⁻¹	30 cmol kg⁻¹	75 cmol kg⁻¹	42 cmol kg⁻¹	47 cmol kg⁻¹
Soil Cation Exchange Capacity	7 cmol kg⁻¹	9 cmol kg⁻¹	6 cmol kg⁻¹	15 cmol kg⁻¹	6 cmol kg⁻¹	7 cmol kg⁻¹	11 cmol kg⁻¹	15 cmol kg⁻¹	12 cmol kg⁻¹	9 cmol kg⁻¹	15 cmol kg⁻¹	12 cmol kg⁻¹	16 cmol kg⁻¹	14 cmol kg⁻¹	12 cmol kg⁻¹	44 cmol kg⁻¹	15 cmol kg⁻¹	16 cmol kg⁻¹
Base Saturation	44 %	51 %	49 %	100 %	39 %	44 %	38 %	100 %	37 %	27 %	100 %	89 %	100 %	61 %	37 %	100 %	100 %	87 %
Total Exchangeable Bases	3.5 cmol kg⁻¹	3.1 cmol kg⁻¹	2.7 cmol kg⁻¹	15.6 cmol kg⁻¹	2.6 cmol kg⁻¹	3.5 cmol kg⁻¹	5.7 cmol kg⁻¹	15.6 cmol kg⁻¹	4.1 cmol kg⁻¹	2.5 cmol kg⁻¹	15.6 cmol kg⁻¹	10 cmol kg⁻¹	27.1 cmol kg⁻¹	7.4 cmol kg⁻¹	4.1 cmol kg⁻¹	45.2 cmol kg⁻¹	15.6 cmol kg⁻¹	21.4 cmol kg⁻¹
Calcium Carbonate	0 %	0 %	0 %	3.9 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	3.9 %	0 %	0 %	3.9 %	0 %	7 %	0 %	0 %	2.5 %	3.9 %	0.2 %
Calcium Sulphate	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0.1 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %
Exchangeable Sodium	1 %	1 %	2 %	4 %	2 %	1 %	1 %	4 %	1 %	1 %	4 %	1 %	1 %	2 %	1 %	1 %	4 %	1 %
Electrical Conductivity	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.3 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.2 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1
Subsoil Properties
Gravel	10 %	26 %	19 %		5 %	10 %	4 %		20 %	7 %		8 %	10 %	2 %	20 %	5 %
Sand	40 %	35 %	41 %		48 %	40 %	23 %		45 %	41 %		39 %	36 %	16 %	45 %	15 %
Silt	24 %	24 %	20 %		24 %	24 %	22 %		35 %	26 %		27 %	41 %	18 %	35 %	28 %
Clay	36 %	41 %	39 %		28 %	36 %	55 %		20 %	33 %		34 %	23 %	66 %	20 %	57 %
USDA Texture	Clay loam	Clay	Clay loam		Sandy clay loam	Clay loam	Clay		Loam	Clay loam		Clay loam	Loam	Clay (heavy)	Loam	Clay
Reference Bulk Density	1.32 g/cm³	1.29 g/cm³	1.31 g/cm³		1.37 g/cm³	1.32 g/cm³	1.23 g/cm³		1.42 g/cm³	1.34 g/cm³		1.33 g/cm³	1.38 g/cm³	1.19 g/cm³	1.42 g/cm³	1.21 g/cm³
Bulk Density	1.4 g/cm³	1.53 g/cm³	1.4 g/cm³		1.3 g/cm³	1.4 g/cm³	1.27 g/cm³		1.37 g/cm³	1.35 g/cm³		1.52 g/cm³	1.46 g/cm³	1.2 g/cm³	1.37 g/cm³	1.76 g/cm³
Organic Carbon	0.42 %	0.38 %	0.39 %		0.35 %	0.42 %	0.46 %		0.5 %	0.77 %		0.38 %	0.43 %	0.52 %	0.5 %	0.45 %
PH	4.8	5	5		4.9	4.8	4.9		5.2	5.2		6.3	8.2	5.5	5.2	8.1
Clay Cation Exchange Capacity	14 cmol kg⁻¹	18 cmol kg⁻¹	12 cmol kg⁻¹		12 cmol kg⁻¹	14 cmol kg⁻¹	12 cmol kg⁻¹		36 cmol kg⁻¹	15 cmol kg⁻¹		40 cmol kg⁻¹	57 cmol kg⁻¹	13 cmol kg⁻¹	36 cmol kg⁻¹	73 cmol kg⁻¹
Soil Cation Exchange Capacity	6 cmol kg⁻¹	8 cmol kg⁻¹	6 cmol kg⁻¹		5 cmol kg⁻¹	6 cmol kg⁻¹	9 cmol kg⁻¹		9 cmol kg⁻¹	7 cmol kg⁻¹		15 cmol kg⁻¹	17 cmol kg⁻¹	10 cmol kg⁻¹	9 cmol kg⁻¹	43 cmol kg⁻¹
Base Saturation	32 %	28 %	33 %		57 %	32 %	23 %		33 %	21 %		93 %	100 %	45 %	33 %	100 %
Total Exchangeable Bases	2.3 cmol kg⁻¹	4.7 cmol kg⁻¹	1.3 cmol kg⁻¹		3.7 cmol kg⁻¹	2.3 cmol kg⁻¹	2.7 cmol kg⁻¹		2.6 cmol kg⁻¹	3 cmol kg⁻¹		12.3 cmol kg⁻¹	30.7 cmol kg⁻¹	4.7 cmol kg⁻¹	2.6 cmol kg⁻¹	47.5 cmol kg⁻¹
Calcium Carbonate	0 %	0 %	0 %		0 %	0 %	0 %		0 %	0 %		0 %	10 %	0 %	0 %	3.9 %
Calcium Sulphate	0 %	0 %	0 %		0 %	0 %	0 %		0 %	0 %		0 %	0.2 %	0 %	0 %	0 %
Exchangeable Sodium	2 %	1 %	2 %		2 %	2 %	1 %		1 %	1 %		1 %	1 %	2 %	1 %	3 %
Electrical Conductivity	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1		0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1		0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1		0.1 dS m-1	0.3 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.3 dS m-1

Soil data provided by FAO/IIASA/ISRIC/ISSCAS/JRC, 2012. Harmonized World Soil Database (version 1.2). FAO, Rome, Italy and IIASA, Laxenburg, Austria.

Köppen climate classification provided by Kottek, M., J. Grieser, C. Beck, B. Rudolf, and F. Rubel, 2006: World Map of Köppen-Geiger Climate Classification updated. Meteorol. Z., 15, 259-263