Tirthan Sanctuary

Location:Himachal Pradesh, India
IUCN Category:IV
Area:15,270 acres (6,179 hectares)
Species:All  Endangered  Invasive
Climate:View Climate Data
Land Use:View Land Use Data
Köppen climate classification:Dwc (Climate: snow; Precipitation: winter dry; Temperature: cool summer)

Ecoregions

Himalayan subtropical pine forests
Western Himalayan subalpine conifer forests

Soils

Protected Area Boundary
 A
  
Share40 %20 %20 %10 %10 %
Soil TypeEutric CambisolsLithosolsHaplic PhaeozemsOrthic LuvisolsHumic Cambisols
Topsoil TextureMediumMediumMediumMediumMedium
Reference Depth100 cm10 cm100 cm100 cm100 cm
DrainageImperfectlyImperfectlyModerately wellModerately wellModerately well
Available Water Capacity50 m15 mm150 m150 m150 m
Phase 1Lithic    
Topsoil Properties
Gravel9 %26 %7 %4 %8 %
Sand42 %43 %39 %47 %41 %
Silt36 %34 %38 %32 %36 %
Clay22 %23 %23 %21 %23 %
USDA TextureLoamLoamLoamLoamLoam
Reference Bulk Density1.4 g/cm³1.39 g/cm³1.38 g/cm³1.41 g/cm³1.39 g/cm³
Bulk Density1.37 g/cm³1.3 g/cm³1.33 g/cm³1.42 g/cm³1.1 g/cm³
Organic Carbon1 %1.4 %1.83 %0.82 %2.72 %
PH6.67.66.46.25.2
Clay Cation Exchange Capacity55 cmol kg⁻¹42 cmol kg⁻¹55 cmol kg⁻¹35 cmol kg⁻¹54 cmol kg⁻¹
Soil Cation Exchange Capacity16 cmol kg⁻¹15 cmol kg⁻¹18 cmol kg⁻¹11 cmol kg⁻¹21 cmol kg⁻¹
Base Saturation93 %100 %87 %88 %24 %
Total Exchangeable Bases13.8 cmol kg⁻¹15.6 cmol kg⁻¹11.4 cmol kg⁻¹8.3 cmol kg⁻¹5 cmol kg⁻¹
Calcium Carbonate0 %3.9 %0 %0 %0 %
Calcium Sulphate0 %0 %0 %0 %0 %
Exchangeable Sodium2 %4 %1 %1 %1 %
Electrical Conductivity0.1 dS m-10.1 dS m-10.1 dS m-10.1 dS m-10.1 dS m-1
Subsoil Properties
Gravel12 % 3 %5 %8 %
Sand40 % 43 %40 %44 %
Silt35 % 35 %29 %32 %
Clay25 % 22 %31 %24 %
USDA TextureLoam LoamClay loamLoam
Reference Bulk Density1.38 g/cm³ 1.4 g/cm³1.34 g/cm³1.39 g/cm³
Bulk Density1.39 g/cm³ 1.39 g/cm³1.5 g/cm³1.16 g/cm³
Organic Carbon0.4 % 0.64 %0.39 %1.03 %
PH7 6.86.25.2
Clay Cation Exchange Capacity51 cmol kg⁻¹ 64 cmol kg⁻¹33 cmol kg⁻¹38 cmol kg⁻¹
Soil Cation Exchange Capacity15 cmol kg⁻¹ 16 cmol kg⁻¹12 cmol kg⁻¹15 cmol kg⁻¹
Base Saturation93 % 92 %87 %30 %
Total Exchangeable Bases14.4 cmol kg⁻¹ 12.2 cmol kg⁻¹9.6 cmol kg⁻¹2.5 cmol kg⁻¹
Calcium Carbonate0.1 % 0 %0 %0 %
Calcium Sulphate0 % 0 %0 %0 %
Exchangeable Sodium2 % 1 %1 %2 %
Electrical Conductivity0.1 dS m-1 0.1 dS m-10.1 dS m-10.1 dS m-1
Soil data provided by FAO/IIASA/ISRIC/ISSCAS/JRC, 2012. Harmonized World Soil Database (version 1.2). FAO, Rome, Italy and IIASA, Laxenburg, Austria.
Köppen climate classification provided by Kottek, M., J. Grieser, C. Beck, B. Rudolf, and F. Rubel, 2006: World Map of Köppen-Geiger Climate Classification updated. Meteorol. Z., 15, 259-263