World Species : Protected Area : Manas National Park

Manas National Park

Location:	Assam, India
IUCN Category:	II
Area:	135,025 acres (54,643 hectares)
Species:	All Endangered Invasive
Website:	View website
Climate:	View Climate Data
Land Use:	View Land Use Data
Köppen climate classification:	Cwa (Climate: warm temperate; Precipitation: winter dry; Temperature: hot summer)

Ecoregions

Brahmaputra Valley semi-evergreen forests
Himalayan subtropical broadleaf forests

Soils

— Protected Area Boundary

	A					B				C

Share	40 %	20 %	20 %	10 %	10 %	50 %	30 %	10 %	10 %	70 %	30 %
Soil Type	Orthic Acrisols	Luvic Podzols	Humic Acrisols	Dystric Podzoluvisols	Humic Cambisols	Eutric Cambisols	Orthic Luvisols	Chromic Luvisols	Orthic Acrisols	Dystric Regosols	Eutric Fluvisols
Topsoil Texture	Medium	Medium	Medium	Medium	Medium	Medium	Medium	Medium	Medium	Coarse	Medium
Reference Depth	100 cm	100 cm	100 cm	100 cm	100 cm	100 cm	100 cm	100 cm	100 cm	100 cm	100 cm
Drainage	Moderately well	Moderately well	Moderately well	Moderately well	Moderately well	Moderately well	Moderately well	Moderately well	Moderately well	Somewhat excessive	Poor
Available Water Capacity	150 m	150 m	150 m	150 m	150 m	150 m	150 m	150 m	150 m	100 m	150 m
Topsoil Properties
Gravel	10 %	24 %	5 %	1 %	8 %	9 %	4 %	9 %	10 %	19 %	4 %
Sand	49 %	49 %	46 %	31 %	41 %	42 %	47 %	47 %	49 %	82 %	39 %
Silt	27 %	38 %	30 %	54 %	36 %	36 %	32 %	29 %	27 %	10 %	41 %
Clay	24 %	13 %	24 %	15 %	23 %	22 %	21 %	24 %	24 %	8 %	20 %
USDA Texture	Sandy clay loam	Loam	Loam	Silt loam	Loam	Loam	Loam	Loam	Sandy clay loam	Loamy sand	Loam
Reference Bulk Density	1.4 g/cm³	1.49 g/cm³	1.39 g/cm³	1.43 g/cm³	1.39 g/cm³	1.4 g/cm³	1.41 g/cm³	1.39 g/cm³	1.4 g/cm³	1.62 g/cm³	1.41 g/cm³
Bulk Density	1.4 g/cm³	0.96 g/cm³	1.3 g/cm³	1.36 g/cm³	1.1 g/cm³	1.37 g/cm³	1.42 g/cm³	1.54 g/cm³	1.4 g/cm³	1.4 g/cm³	1.36 g/cm³
Organic Carbon	1 %	3.62 %	1.73 %	1.59 %	2.72 %	1 %	0.82 %	0.86 %	1 %	0.7 %	0.9 %
PH	4.6	5	5	5	5.2	6.6	6.2	6.4	4.6	5.4	7.3
Clay Cation Exchange Capacity	16 cmol kg⁻¹	65 cmol kg⁻¹	19 cmol kg⁻¹	63 cmol kg⁻¹	54 cmol kg⁻¹	55 cmol kg⁻¹	35 cmol kg⁻¹	38 cmol kg⁻¹	16 cmol kg⁻¹	27 cmol kg⁻¹	62 cmol kg⁻¹
Soil Cation Exchange Capacity	7 cmol kg⁻¹	16 cmol kg⁻¹	9 cmol kg⁻¹	19 cmol kg⁻¹	21 cmol kg⁻¹	16 cmol kg⁻¹	11 cmol kg⁻¹	12 cmol kg⁻¹	7 cmol kg⁻¹	4 cmol kg⁻¹	16 cmol kg⁻¹
Base Saturation	44 %	10 %	27 %	55 %	24 %	93 %	88 %	89 %	44 %	38 %	91 %
Total Exchangeable Bases	3.5 cmol kg⁻¹	4.4 cmol kg⁻¹	2.5 cmol kg⁻¹	5.7 cmol kg⁻¹	5 cmol kg⁻¹	13.8 cmol kg⁻¹	8.3 cmol kg⁻¹	10 cmol kg⁻¹	3.5 cmol kg⁻¹	1.7 cmol kg⁻¹	16.4 cmol kg⁻¹
Calcium Carbonate	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	1 %
Calcium Sulphate	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %
Exchangeable Sodium	1 %	0 %	1 %	0 %	1 %	2 %	1 %	1 %	1 %	3 %	2 %
Electrical Conductivity	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1
Subsoil Properties
Gravel	10 %	18 %	7 %	4 %	8 %	12 %	5 %	8 %	10 %	10 %	8 %
Sand	40 %	56 %	41 %	24 %	44 %	40 %	40 %	39 %	40 %	81 %	41 %
Silt	24 %	32 %	26 %	50 %	32 %	35 %	29 %	27 %	24 %	11 %	38 %
Clay	36 %	12 %	33 %	26 %	24 %	25 %	31 %	34 %	36 %	8 %	21 %
USDA Texture	Clay loam	Sandy loam	Clay loam	Silt loam	Loam	Loam	Clay loam	Clay loam	Clay loam	Loamy sand	Loam
Reference Bulk Density	1.32 g/cm³	1.51 g/cm³	1.34 g/cm³	1.34 g/cm³	1.39 g/cm³	1.38 g/cm³	1.34 g/cm³	1.33 g/cm³	1.32 g/cm³	1.62 g/cm³	1.4 g/cm³
Bulk Density	1.4 g/cm³	1.29 g/cm³	1.35 g/cm³	1.61 g/cm³	1.16 g/cm³	1.39 g/cm³	1.5 g/cm³	1.52 g/cm³	1.4 g/cm³	1.5 g/cm³	1.39 g/cm³
Organic Carbon	0.42 %	0.96 %	0.77 %	0.2 %	1.03 %	0.4 %	0.39 %	0.38 %	0.42 %	0.31 %	0.4 %
PH	4.8	5.4	5.2	5.3	5.2	7	6.2	6.3	4.8	5.2	7.5
Clay Cation Exchange Capacity	14 cmol kg⁻¹	59 cmol kg⁻¹	15 cmol kg⁻¹	67 cmol kg⁻¹	38 cmol kg⁻¹	51 cmol kg⁻¹	33 cmol kg⁻¹	40 cmol kg⁻¹	14 cmol kg⁻¹	22 cmol kg⁻¹	58 cmol kg⁻¹
Soil Cation Exchange Capacity	6 cmol kg⁻¹	12 cmol kg⁻¹	7 cmol kg⁻¹	14 cmol kg⁻¹	15 cmol kg⁻¹	15 cmol kg⁻¹	12 cmol kg⁻¹	15 cmol kg⁻¹	6 cmol kg⁻¹	3 cmol kg⁻¹	14 cmol kg⁻¹
Base Saturation	32 %	13 %	21 %	59 %	30 %	93 %	87 %	93 %	32 %	79 %	97 %
Total Exchangeable Bases	2.3 cmol kg⁻¹	0.8 cmol kg⁻¹	3 cmol kg⁻¹	4.9 cmol kg⁻¹	2.5 cmol kg⁻¹	14.4 cmol kg⁻¹	9.6 cmol kg⁻¹	12.3 cmol kg⁻¹	2.3 cmol kg⁻¹	2.8 cmol kg⁻¹	15.1 cmol kg⁻¹
Calcium Carbonate	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0.1 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	3.9 %
Calcium Sulphate	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %
Exchangeable Sodium	2 %	0 %	1 %	0 %	2 %	2 %	1 %	1 %	2 %	4 %	3 %
Electrical Conductivity	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1

Soil data provided by FAO/IIASA/ISRIC/ISSCAS/JRC, 2012. Harmonized World Soil Database (version 1.2). FAO, Rome, Italy and IIASA, Laxenburg, Austria.

Köppen climate classification provided by Kottek, M., J. Grieser, C. Beck, B. Rudolf, and F. Rubel, 2006: World Map of Köppen-Geiger Climate Classification updated. Meteorol. Z., 15, 259-263