World Species : Protected Area : Tonle Sap Biosphere Reserve

Tonle Sap Biosphere Reserve

Location:	Cambodia
IUCN Category:	VI
Area:	688,326 acres (278,556 hectares)
Species:	All Endangered Invasive
Climate:	View Climate Data
Land Use:	View Land Use Data
Köppen climate classification:	Aw (Climate: equatorial; Precipitation: winter dry)

Ecoregions

Central Indochina dry forests
Tonle Sap freshwater swamp forests
Tonle Sap-Mekong peat swamp forests

Soils

— Protected Area Boundary

	A						B				C

Share	30 %	20 %	20 %	10 %	10 %	10 %	50 %	30 %	10 %	10 %	80 %	10 %	10 %
Soil Type	Gleyic Acrisols	Gleyic Luvisols	Orthic Acrisols	Gleyic Solonetz	Dystric Gleysols	Plinthic Acrisols	Eutric Gleysols	Mollic Gleysols	Eutric Fluvisols	Humic Gleysols	Eutric Gleysols	Eutric Fluvisols	Mollic Gleysols
Topsoil Texture	Medium	Medium	Medium	Medium	Medium	Medium	Fine	Medium	Medium	Medium	Fine	Medium	Medium
Reference Depth	100 cm	100 cm	100 cm	100 cm	100 cm	100 cm	100 cm	100 cm	100 cm	100 cm	100 cm	100 cm	100 cm
Drainage	Poor	Poor	Moderately well	Poor	Poor	Poor	Very poor	Poor	Poor	Poor	Very poor	Poor	Poor
Available Water Capacity	150 m	150 m	150 m	150 m	150 m	150 m	150 m	150 m	150 m	150 m	150 m	150 m	150 m
Topsoil Properties
Gravel	9 %	5 %	10 %	5 %	2 %	35 %	7 %	4 %	4 %	4 %	7 %	4 %	4 %
Sand	34 %	42 %	49 %	36 %	40 %	47 %	17 %	38 %	39 %	33 %	17 %	39 %	38 %
Silt	43 %	36 %	27 %	41 %	39 %	30 %	31 %	40 %	41 %	45 %	31 %	41 %	40 %
Clay	23 %	22 %	24 %	23 %	21 %	23 %	52 %	22 %	20 %	22 %	52 %	20 %	22 %
USDA Texture	Loam	Loam	Sandy clay loam	Loam	Loam	Loam	Clay	Loam	Loam	Loam	Clay	Loam	Loam
Reference Bulk Density	1.38 g/cm³	1.4 g/cm³	1.4 g/cm³	1.38 g/cm³	1.4 g/cm³	1.4 g/cm³	1.22 g/cm³	1.39 g/cm³	1.41 g/cm³	1.38 g/cm³	1.22 g/cm³	1.41 g/cm³	1.39 g/cm³
Bulk Density	1.39 g/cm³	1.4 g/cm³	1.4 g/cm³	1.32 g/cm³	1.33 g/cm³	1.44 g/cm³	1.25 g/cm³	1.28 g/cm³	1.36 g/cm³	1.2 g/cm³	1.25 g/cm³	1.36 g/cm³	1.28 g/cm³
Organic Carbon	0.83 %	0.94 %	1 %	0.7 %	1.25 %	1.13 %	1.25 %	1.74 %	0.9 %	3.71 %	1.25 %	0.9 %	1.74 %
PH	4.9	6.1	4.6	7.2	5.1	4.8	5.8	6.5	7.3	5.5	5.8	7.3	6.5
Clay Cation Exchange Capacity	18 cmol kg⁻¹	46 cmol kg⁻¹	16 cmol kg⁻¹	57 cmol kg⁻¹	24 cmol kg⁻¹	13 cmol kg⁻¹	38 cmol kg⁻¹	45 cmol kg⁻¹	62 cmol kg⁻¹	33 cmol kg⁻¹	38 cmol kg⁻¹	62 cmol kg⁻¹	45 cmol kg⁻¹
Soil Cation Exchange Capacity	7 cmol kg⁻¹	14 cmol kg⁻¹	7 cmol kg⁻¹	16 cmol kg⁻¹	11 cmol kg⁻¹	6 cmol kg⁻¹	26 cmol kg⁻¹	17 cmol kg⁻¹	16 cmol kg⁻¹	18 cmol kg⁻¹	26 cmol kg⁻¹	16 cmol kg⁻¹	17 cmol kg⁻¹
Base Saturation	30 %	89 %	44 %	93 %	47 %	54 %	78 %	87 %	91 %	34 %	78 %	91 %	87 %
Total Exchangeable Bases	1.9 cmol kg⁻¹	9.8 cmol kg⁻¹	3.5 cmol kg⁻¹	16.5 cmol kg⁻¹	5.5 cmol kg⁻¹	3 cmol kg⁻¹	19.7 cmol kg⁻¹	9.9 cmol kg⁻¹	16.4 cmol kg⁻¹	3.1 cmol kg⁻¹	19.7 cmol kg⁻¹	16.4 cmol kg⁻¹	9.9 cmol kg⁻¹
Calcium Carbonate	0 %	0 %	0 %	5.2 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	1 %	0 %	0 %	1 %	0 %
Calcium Sulphate	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %
Exchangeable Sodium	2 %	1 %	1 %	11 %	1 %	2 %	2 %	2 %	2 %	2 %	2 %	2 %	2 %
Electrical Conductivity	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1
Subsoil Properties
Gravel	7 %	6 %	10 %	5 %	4 %	19 %	1 %	3 %	8 %	5 %	1 %	8 %	3 %
Sand	28 %	35 %	40 %	27 %	41 %	36 %	19 %	37 %	41 %	37 %	19 %	41 %	37 %
Silt	38 %	32 %	24 %	39 %	34 %	27 %	29 %	35 %	38 %	35 %	29 %	38 %	35 %
Clay	34 %	33 %	36 %	34 %	25 %	37 %	52 %	28 %	21 %	28 %	52 %	21 %	28 %
USDA Texture	Clay loam	Clay loam	Clay loam	Clay loam	Loam	Clay loam	Clay	Clay loam	Loam	Clay loam	Clay	Loam	Clay loam
Reference Bulk Density	1.31 g/cm³	1.32 g/cm³	1.32 g/cm³	1.3 g/cm³	1.38 g/cm³	1.31 g/cm³	1.23 g/cm³	1.35 g/cm³	1.4 g/cm³	1.35 g/cm³	1.23 g/cm³	1.4 g/cm³	1.35 g/cm³
Bulk Density	1.48 g/cm³	1.59 g/cm³	1.4 g/cm³	1.47 g/cm³	1.36 g/cm³	1.39 g/cm³	1.36 g/cm³	1.36 g/cm³	1.39 g/cm³	1.46 g/cm³	1.36 g/cm³	1.39 g/cm³	1.36 g/cm³
Organic Carbon	0.3 %	0.28 %	0.42 %	0.29 %	0.4 %	0.41 %	0.45 %	0.67 %	0.4 %	0.69 %	0.45 %	0.4 %	0.67 %
PH	4.7	6.5	4.8	8.5	5.2	4.8	5.9	7	7.5	5.6	5.9	7.5	7
Clay Cation Exchange Capacity	22 cmol kg⁻¹	45 cmol kg⁻¹	14 cmol kg⁻¹	64 cmol kg⁻¹	31 cmol kg⁻¹	12 cmol kg⁻¹	39 cmol kg⁻¹	44 cmol kg⁻¹	58 cmol kg⁻¹	41 cmol kg⁻¹	39 cmol kg⁻¹	58 cmol kg⁻¹	44 cmol kg⁻¹
Soil Cation Exchange Capacity	12 cmol kg⁻¹	15 cmol kg⁻¹	6 cmol kg⁻¹	21 cmol kg⁻¹	10 cmol kg⁻¹	6 cmol kg⁻¹	23 cmol kg⁻¹	14 cmol kg⁻¹	14 cmol kg⁻¹	11 cmol kg⁻¹	23 cmol kg⁻¹	14 cmol kg⁻¹	14 cmol kg⁻¹
Base Saturation	20 %	96 %	32 %	100 %	47 %	32 %	84 %	94 %	97 %	62 %	84 %	97 %	94 %
Total Exchangeable Bases	2 cmol kg⁻¹	14.3 cmol kg⁻¹	2.3 cmol kg⁻¹	24.9 cmol kg⁻¹	6.1 cmol kg⁻¹	1.9 cmol kg⁻¹	17.1 cmol kg⁻¹	11 cmol kg⁻¹	15.1 cmol kg⁻¹	9 cmol kg⁻¹	17.1 cmol kg⁻¹	15.1 cmol kg⁻¹	11 cmol kg⁻¹
Calcium Carbonate	0 %	0 %	0 %	9 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0.4 %	3.9 %	0 %	0 %	3.9 %	0.4 %
Calcium Sulphate	0 %	0 %	0 %	0.1 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %
Exchangeable Sodium	1 %	1 %	2 %	33 %	1 %	3 %	2 %	1 %	3 %	4 %	2 %	3 %	1 %
Electrical Conductivity	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	1.4 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1

Soil data provided by FAO/IIASA/ISRIC/ISSCAS/JRC, 2012. Harmonized World Soil Database (version 1.2). FAO, Rome, Italy and IIASA, Laxenburg, Austria.

Köppen climate classification provided by Kottek, M., J. Grieser, C. Beck, B. Rudolf, and F. Rubel, 2006: World Map of Köppen-Geiger Climate Classification updated. Meteorol. Z., 15, 259-263