World Species : Protected Area : Ostoja Popradzka

Ostoja Popradzka

Location:	Poland
Area:	143,151 acres (57,931 hectares)
Species:	All Endangered Invasive
Climate:	View Climate Data
Land Use:	View Land Use Data
Köppen climate classification:	Dfb (Climate: snow; Precipitation: fully humid; Temperature: warm summer)
Natura 2000 Data Sheet:	View Data Sheet Explanatory notes

Soils

— Protected Area Boundary

	A			B					C						D					E					F					G

Share	70 %	20 %	10 %	50 %	30 %	10 %	5 %	5 %	50 %	20 %	10 %	10 %	5 %	5 %	60 %	20 %	10 %	5 %	5 %	50 %	30 %	10 %	5 %	5 %	55 %	15 %	15 %	10 %	5 %	45 %	35 %	10 %	5 %	5 %
Soil Type	Eutric Fluvisols	Eutric Fluvisols	Umbric Gleysols	Umbric Leptosols	Dystric Cambisols	Lithic Leptosols	Haplic Podzols	Dystric Fluvisols	Dystric Cambisols	Eutric Cambisols	Stagnic Luvisols	Umbric Leptosols	Dystric Fluvisols	Eutric Gleysols	Stagnic Luvisols	Gleyic Cambisols	Eutric Gleysols	Umbric Leptosols	Eutric Fluvisols	Eutric Cambisols	Eutric Cambisols	Eutric Planosols	Rendzic Leptosols	Dystric Fluvisols	Dystric Cambisols	Dystric Cambisols	Eutric Cambisols	Umbric Leptosols	Dystric Fluvisols	Umbric Leptosols	Dystric Cambisols	Dystric Cambisols	Lithic Leptosols	Dystric Fluvisols
Topsoil Texture	Medium	Medium	Fine	Coarse	Medium	Coarse	Coarse	Coarse	Medium	Medium	Medium	Coarse	Coarse	Medium	Medium	Medium	Medium	Coarse	Coarse	Medium	Medium	Medium	Medium	Medium	Medium	Medium	Medium	Medium	Medium	Medium	Medium	Medium	Coarse	Medium
Reference Depth	100 cm	100 cm	100 cm	30 cm	100 cm	10 cm	100 cm	100 cm	100 cm	100 cm	100 cm	30 cm	100 cm	100 cm	100 cm	100 cm	100 cm	30 cm	100 cm	100 cm	100 cm	100 cm	30 cm	100 cm	100 cm	100 cm	100 cm	30 cm	100 cm	30 cm	100 cm	100 cm	10 cm	100 cm
Drainage	Poor	Poor	Very poor	Moderately well	Moderately well	Moderately well	Somewhat excessive	Poor	Moderately well	Moderately well	Poor	Moderately well	Poor	Poor	Poor	Poor	Poor	Moderately well	Poor	Moderately well	Moderately well	Poor	Imperfectly	Poor	Moderately well	Moderately well	Moderately well	Imperfectly	Poor	Imperfectly	Moderately well	Moderately well	Moderately well	Poor
Available Water Capacity	75 m	50 m	150 m	15 mm	50 m	15 mm	15 m	75 m	50 m	50 m	150 m	15 mm	75 m	150 m	150 m	150 m	150 m	15 mm	75 m	50 m	50 m	100 m	15 mm	150 m	100 m	100 m	100 m	15 mm	125 m	15 mm	150 m	150 m	15 mm	150 m
Phase 1	Gravelly	Phreatic	Phreatic	Stony	Stony		Stony	Gravelly	Gravelly	Gravelly		Stony	Gravelly	Phreatic		Erosion	Phreatic	Stony	Gravelly	Gravelly	Gravelly		Stony		Stony	Stony	Stony	Stony	Stony
Phase 2		Gravelly		Erosion	Erosion
Root Obstacle	60 - 80 cm	60 - 80 cm	60 - 80 cm		0 - 80 cm		0 - 80 cm	0 - 80 cm	0 - 80 cm	0 - 80 cm	None to 80 cm		0 - 80 cm	None to 80 cm	None to 80 cm	None to 80 cm	None to 80 cm		None to 80 cm	None to 80 cm	None to 80 cm	None to 80 cm		0 - 80 cm	None to 80 cm	None to 80 cm	None to 80 cm		None to 80 cm		20 - 40 cm	20 - 40 cm		0 - 80 cm
Impermeable Layer	None to 150 cm	40 - 80 cm	None to 150 cm		40 - 80 cm		40 - 80 cm	None to 150 cm	80 - 150 cm	None to 150 cm	80 - 150 cm		80 - 150 cm	40 - 80 cm	80 - 150 cm	80 - 150 cm	40 - 80 cm		80 - 150 cm	None to 150 cm	None to 150 cm	40 - 80 cm		40 - 80 cm	None to 150 cm	None to 150 cm	None to 150 cm		None to 150 cm
Soil Water Regime	Wet within 80 cm over 6 months, but not wet within 40 cm for over 11 month	Wet within 80 cm over 6 months, but not wet within 40 cm for over 11 month	Wet within 40 cm depth for over 11 month		Wet within 80 cm for 3 to 6 months, but not wet within 40 cm for over 1 month		Wet within 80 cm for 3 to 6 months, but not wet within 40 cm for over 1 month	Wet within 80 cm over 6 months, but not wet within 40 cm for over 11 month	Wet within 80 cm for 3 to 6 months, but not wet within 40 cm for over 1 month	Wet within 80 cm for 3 to 6 months, but not wet within 40 cm for over 1 month	Wet within 80 cm for 3 to 6 months, but not wet within 40 cm for over 1 month		Wet within 80 cm over 6 months, but not wet within 40 cm for over 11 month	Wet within 80 cm over 6 months, but not wet within 40 cm for over 11 month	Wet within 80 cm for 3 to 6 months, but not wet within 40 cm for over 1 month	Wet within 80 cm for 3 to 6 months, but not wet within 40 cm for over 1 month	Wet within 80 cm over 6 months, but not wet within 40 cm for over 11 month		Wet within 80 cm over 6 months, but not wet within 40 cm for over 11 month	Not wet within 80 cm for over 3 months, nor wet within 40 cm for over 1 month	Not wet within 80 cm for over 3 months, nor wet within 40 cm for over 1 month	Wet within 80 cm for 3 to 6 months, but not wet within 40 cm for over 1 month		Wet within 80 cm for 3 to 6 months, but not wet within 40 cm for over 1 month	Not wet within 80 cm for over 3 months, nor wet within 40 cm for over 1 month	Not wet within 80 cm for over 3 months, nor wet within 40 cm for over 1 month	Not wet within 80 cm for over 3 months, nor wet within 40 cm for over 1 month		Not wet within 80 cm for over 3 months, nor wet within 40 cm for over 1 month
Topsoil Properties
Gravel	4 %	4 %	1 %	10 %	10 %	21 %	3 %	10 %	10 %	9 %	4 %	10 %	10 %	4 %	4 %	4 %	4 %	10 %	18 %	9 %	9 %	4 %	16 %	4 %	10 %	10 %	9 %	6 %	4 %	6 %	10 %	10 %	21 %	4 %
Sand	39 %	39 %	17 %	79 %	42 %	73 %	87 %	79 %	42 %	42 %	37 %	79 %	79 %	37 %	37 %	45 %	37 %	79 %	80 %	42 %	42 %	42 %	37 %	47 %	42 %	42 %	42 %	49 %	47 %	49 %	42 %	42 %	73 %	47 %
Silt	40 %	40 %	29 %	13 %	38 %	18 %	9 %	12 %	38 %	36 %	44 %	13 %	12 %	40 %	44 %	36 %	40 %	13 %	12 %	36 %	36 %	38 %	44 %	33 %	38 %	38 %	36 %	31 %	33 %	31 %	38 %	38 %	18 %	33 %
Clay	21 %	21 %	54 %	8 %	20 %	9 %	4 %	9 %	20 %	22 %	19 %	8 %	9 %	23 %	19 %	19 %	23 %	8 %	8 %	22 %	22 %	20 %	19 %	20 %	20 %	20 %	22 %	20 %	20 %	20 %	20 %	20 %	9 %	20 %
USDA Texture	Loam	Loam	Clay	Loamy sand	Loam	Sandy loam	Loamy sand	Sandy loam	Loam	Loam	Loam	Loamy sand	Sandy loam	Loam	Loam	Loam	Loam	Loamy sand	Loamy sand	Loam	Loam	Loam	Loam	Loam	Loam	Loam	Loam	Loam	Loam	Loam	Loam	Loam	Sandy loam	Loam
Reference Bulk Density	1.4 g/cm³	1.4 g/cm³	1.22 g/cm³	1.62 g/cm³	1.41 g/cm³	1.59 g/cm³	1.73 g/cm³	1.6 g/cm³	1.41 g/cm³	1.4 g/cm³	1.41 g/cm³	1.62 g/cm³	1.6 g/cm³	1.38 g/cm³	1.41 g/cm³	1.42 g/cm³	1.38 g/cm³	1.62 g/cm³	1.62 g/cm³	1.4 g/cm³	1.4 g/cm³	1.41 g/cm³	1.41 g/cm³	1.42 g/cm³	1.41 g/cm³	1.41 g/cm³	1.4 g/cm³	1.43 g/cm³	1.42 g/cm³	1.43 g/cm³	1.41 g/cm³	1.41 g/cm³	1.59 g/cm³	1.42 g/cm³
Bulk Density	1.36 g/cm³	1.36 g/cm³	1.23 g/cm³	1.45 g/cm³	1.3 g/cm³	1.45 g/cm³	1.4 g/cm³	1.39 g/cm³	1.3 g/cm³	1.37 g/cm³	1.4 g/cm³	1.45 g/cm³	1.39 g/cm³	1.35 g/cm³	1.4 g/cm³	1.41 g/cm³	1.35 g/cm³	1.45 g/cm³	1.27 g/cm³	1.37 g/cm³	1.37 g/cm³	1.47 g/cm³	1.24 g/cm³	1.33 g/cm³	1.3 g/cm³	1.3 g/cm³	1.37 g/cm³	1.1 g/cm³	1.33 g/cm³	1.1 g/cm³	1.3 g/cm³	1.3 g/cm³	1.45 g/cm³	1.33 g/cm³
Organic Carbon	0.86 %	0.86 %	4.54 %	2.59 %	1.45 %	1.4 %	2.18 %	0.87 %	1.45 %	1 %	0.99 %	2.59 %	0.87 %	1.07 %	0.99 %	1 %	1.07 %	2.59 %	0.58 %	1 %	1 %	1.06 %	2.13 %	1.05 %	1.45 %	1.45 %	1 %	2.4 %	1.05 %	2.4 %	1.45 %	1.45 %	1.4 %	1.05 %
PH	7.2	7.2	5	4.7	5.1	7.5	4.4	5.3	5.1	6.6	5.8	4.7	5.3	6.2	5.8	6.4	6.2	4.7	6.8	6.6	6.6	5.6	7.5	4.8	5.1	5.1	6.6	5.1	4.8	5.1	5.1	5.1	7.5	4.8
Clay Cation Exchange Capacity	63 cmol kg⁻¹	63 cmol kg⁻¹	23 cmol kg⁻¹	24 cmol kg⁻¹	32 cmol kg⁻¹	85 cmol kg⁻¹	101 cmol kg⁻¹	34 cmol kg⁻¹	32 cmol kg⁻¹	55 cmol kg⁻¹	48 cmol kg⁻¹	24 cmol kg⁻¹	34 cmol kg⁻¹	41 cmol kg⁻¹	48 cmol kg⁻¹	38 cmol kg⁻¹	41 cmol kg⁻¹	24 cmol kg⁻¹	64 cmol kg⁻¹	55 cmol kg⁻¹	55 cmol kg⁻¹	37 cmol kg⁻¹	80 cmol kg⁻¹	21 cmol kg⁻¹	32 cmol kg⁻¹	32 cmol kg⁻¹	55 cmol kg⁻¹	34 cmol kg⁻¹	21 cmol kg⁻¹	34 cmol kg⁻¹	32 cmol kg⁻¹	32 cmol kg⁻¹	85 cmol kg⁻¹	21 cmol kg⁻¹
Soil Cation Exchange Capacity	16 cmol kg⁻¹	16 cmol kg⁻¹	24 cmol kg⁻¹	8 cmol kg⁻¹	12 cmol kg⁻¹	12 cmol kg⁻¹	9 cmol kg⁻¹	5 cmol kg⁻¹	12 cmol kg⁻¹	16 cmol kg⁻¹	12 cmol kg⁻¹	8 cmol kg⁻¹	5 cmol kg⁻¹	13 cmol kg⁻¹	12 cmol kg⁻¹	9 cmol kg⁻¹	13 cmol kg⁻¹	8 cmol kg⁻¹	7 cmol kg⁻¹	16 cmol kg⁻¹	16 cmol kg⁻¹	11 cmol kg⁻¹	27 cmol kg⁻¹	7 cmol kg⁻¹	12 cmol kg⁻¹	12 cmol kg⁻¹	16 cmol kg⁻¹	12 cmol kg⁻¹	7 cmol kg⁻¹	12 cmol kg⁻¹	12 cmol kg⁻¹	12 cmol kg⁻¹	12 cmol kg⁻¹	7 cmol kg⁻¹
Base Saturation	91 %	91 %	22 %	86 %	38 %	86 %	11 %	55 %	38 %	93 %	62 %	86 %	55 %	88 %	62 %	85 %	88 %	86 %	89 %	93 %	93 %	67 %	100 %	36 %	38 %	38 %	93 %	36 %	36 %	36 %	38 %	38 %	86 %	36 %
Total Exchangeable Bases	16.9 cmol kg⁻¹	16.9 cmol kg⁻¹	7.1 cmol kg⁻¹	5.2 cmol kg⁻¹	4.3 cmol kg⁻¹	5.2 cmol kg⁻¹	2.6 cmol kg⁻¹	2.1 cmol kg⁻¹	4.3 cmol kg⁻¹	14 cmol kg⁻¹	8.4 cmol kg⁻¹	5.2 cmol kg⁻¹	2.1 cmol kg⁻¹	10.2 cmol kg⁻¹	8.4 cmol kg⁻¹	8.2 cmol kg⁻¹	10.2 cmol kg⁻¹	5.2 cmol kg⁻¹	7.4 cmol kg⁻¹	14 cmol kg⁻¹	14 cmol kg⁻¹	8.4 cmol kg⁻¹	28.8 cmol kg⁻¹	2.6 cmol kg⁻¹	4.3 cmol kg⁻¹	4.3 cmol kg⁻¹	14 cmol kg⁻¹	4.7 cmol kg⁻¹	2.6 cmol kg⁻¹	4.7 cmol kg⁻¹	4.3 cmol kg⁻¹	4.3 cmol kg⁻¹	5.2 cmol kg⁻¹	2.6 cmol kg⁻¹
Calcium Carbonate	0.5 %	0.5 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	6 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %
Calcium Sulphate	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %
Exchangeable Sodium	2 %	2 %	1 %	0 %	2 %	1 %	1 %	3 %	2 %	2 %	1 %	0 %	3 %	2 %	1 %	2 %	2 %	0 %	3 %	2 %	2 %	3 %	2 %	2 %	2 %	2 %	2 %	4 %	2 %	4 %	2 %	2 %	1 %	2 %
Electrical Conductivity	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1
Subsoil Properties
Gravel	7 %	7 %	1 %		19 %		4 %	17 %	19 %	12 %	4 %		17 %	5 %	4 %	18 %	5 %		10 %	12 %	12 %	4 %		8 %	19 %	19 %	12 %		8 %		19 %	19 %		8 %
Sand	41 %	41 %	22 %		45 %		88 %	79 %	45 %	41 %	31 %		79 %	36 %	31 %	39 %	36 %		79 %	41 %	41 %	33 %		51 %	45 %	45 %	41 %		51 %		45 %	45 %		51 %
Silt	38 %	38 %	25 %		35 %		8 %	11 %	35 %	34 %	38 %		11 %	36 %	38 %	34 %	36 %		11 %	34 %	34 %	31 %		29 %	35 %	35 %	34 %		29 %		35 %	35 %		29 %
Clay	21 %	21 %	53 %		20 %		4 %	10 %	20 %	25 %	31 %		10 %	28 %	31 %	27 %	28 %		10 %	25 %	25 %	36 %		20 %	20 %	20 %	25 %		20 %		20 %	20 %		20 %
USDA Texture	Loam	Loam	Clay		Loam		Sand	Sandy loam	Loam	Loam	Clay loam		Sandy loam	Clay loam	Clay loam	Clay loam	Clay loam		Sandy loam	Loam	Loam	Clay loam		Loam	Loam	Loam	Loam		Loam		Loam	Loam		Loam
Reference Bulk Density	1.4 g/cm³	1.4 g/cm³	1.23 g/cm³		1.42 g/cm³		1.74 g/cm³	1.58 g/cm³	1.42 g/cm³	1.38 g/cm³	1.33 g/cm³		1.58 g/cm³	1.35 g/cm³	1.33 g/cm³	1.36 g/cm³	1.35 g/cm³		1.59 g/cm³	1.38 g/cm³	1.38 g/cm³	1.3 g/cm³		1.43 g/cm³	1.42 g/cm³	1.42 g/cm³	1.38 g/cm³		1.43 g/cm³		1.42 g/cm³	1.42 g/cm³		1.43 g/cm³
Bulk Density	1.39 g/cm³	1.39 g/cm³	1.28 g/cm³		1.36 g/cm³		1.51 g/cm³	1.5 g/cm³	1.36 g/cm³	1.39 g/cm³	1.6 g/cm³		1.5 g/cm³	1.5 g/cm³	1.6 g/cm³	1.6 g/cm³	1.5 g/cm³		1.44 g/cm³	1.39 g/cm³	1.39 g/cm³	1.4 g/cm³		1.39 g/cm³	1.36 g/cm³	1.36 g/cm³	1.39 g/cm³		1.39 g/cm³		1.36 g/cm³	1.36 g/cm³		1.39 g/cm³
Organic Carbon	0.38 %	0.38 %	1.23 %		0.5 %		0.39 %	0.26 %	0.5 %	0.37 %	0.29 %		0.26 %	0.37 %	0.29 %	0.47 %	0.37 %		0.24 %	0.37 %	0.37 %	0.43 %		0.41 %	0.5 %	0.5 %	0.37 %		0.41 %		0.5 %	0.5 %		0.41 %
PH	7.5	7.5	5		5.2		5	5.5	5.2	7	5.9		5.5	6.6	5.9	6.7	6.6		6.9	7	7	6.3		4.9	5.2	5.2	7		4.9		5.2	5.2		4.9
Clay Cation Exchange Capacity	61 cmol kg⁻¹	61 cmol kg⁻¹	15 cmol kg⁻¹		35 cmol kg⁻¹		66 cmol kg⁻¹	38 cmol kg⁻¹	35 cmol kg⁻¹	55 cmol kg⁻¹	50 cmol kg⁻¹		38 cmol kg⁻¹	42 cmol kg⁻¹	50 cmol kg⁻¹	37 cmol kg⁻¹	42 cmol kg⁻¹		57 cmol kg⁻¹	55 cmol kg⁻¹	55 cmol kg⁻¹	47 cmol kg⁻¹		20 cmol kg⁻¹	35 cmol kg⁻¹	35 cmol kg⁻¹	55 cmol kg⁻¹		20 cmol kg⁻¹		35 cmol kg⁻¹	35 cmol kg⁻¹		20 cmol kg⁻¹
Soil Cation Exchange Capacity	14 cmol kg⁻¹	14 cmol kg⁻¹	19 cmol kg⁻¹		9 cmol kg⁻¹		2 cmol kg⁻¹	4 cmol kg⁻¹	9 cmol kg⁻¹	15 cmol kg⁻¹	14 cmol kg⁻¹		4 cmol kg⁻¹	13 cmol kg⁻¹	14 cmol kg⁻¹	11 cmol kg⁻¹	13 cmol kg⁻¹		6 cmol kg⁻¹	15 cmol kg⁻¹	15 cmol kg⁻¹	17 cmol kg⁻¹		7 cmol kg⁻¹	9 cmol kg⁻¹	9 cmol kg⁻¹	15 cmol kg⁻¹		7 cmol kg⁻¹		9 cmol kg⁻¹	9 cmol kg⁻¹		7 cmol kg⁻¹
Base Saturation	96 %	96 %	27 %		33 %		21 %	46 %	33 %	93 %	83 %		46 %	90 %	83 %	88 %	90 %		93 %	93 %	93 %	89 %		29 %	33 %	33 %	93 %		29 %		33 %	33 %		29 %
Total Exchangeable Bases	15.2 cmol kg⁻¹	15.2 cmol kg⁻¹	5.7 cmol kg⁻¹		2.6 cmol kg⁻¹		1.5 cmol kg⁻¹	1.5 cmol kg⁻¹	2.6 cmol kg⁻¹	15.1 cmol kg⁻¹	10.2 cmol kg⁻¹		1.5 cmol kg⁻¹	11.9 cmol kg⁻¹	10.2 cmol kg⁻¹	11.3 cmol kg⁻¹	11.9 cmol kg⁻¹		9 cmol kg⁻¹	15.1 cmol kg⁻¹	15.1 cmol kg⁻¹	15.2 cmol kg⁻¹		2 cmol kg⁻¹	2.6 cmol kg⁻¹	2.6 cmol kg⁻¹	15.1 cmol kg⁻¹		2 cmol kg⁻¹		2.6 cmol kg⁻¹	2.6 cmol kg⁻¹		2 cmol kg⁻¹
Calcium Carbonate	2.5 %	2.5 %	0 %		0 %		0 %	0 %	0 %	0.1 %	0 %		0 %	0 %	0 %	0.1 %	0 %		0.1 %	0.1 %	0.1 %	0 %		0 %	0 %	0 %	0.1 %		0 %		0 %	0 %		0 %
Calcium Sulphate	0 %	0 %	0 %		0 %		0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %		0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %		0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %		0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %		0 %		0 %	0 %		0 %
Exchangeable Sodium	3 %	3 %	2 %		2 %		3 %	2 %	2 %	2 %	1 %		2 %	2 %	1 %	2 %	2 %		2 %	2 %	2 %	4 %		2 %	2 %	2 %	2 %		2 %		2 %	2 %		2 %
Electrical Conductivity	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1		0.1 dS m-1		0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1		0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1		0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1		0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1		0.1 dS m-1		0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1		0.1 dS m-1

Soil data provided by FAO/IIASA/ISRIC/ISSCAS/JRC, 2012. Harmonized World Soil Database (version 1.2). FAO, Rome, Italy and IIASA, Laxenburg, Austria.

Köppen climate classification provided by Kottek, M., J. Grieser, C. Beck, B. Rudolf, and F. Rubel, 2006: World Map of Köppen-Geiger Climate Classification updated. Meteorol. Z., 15, 259-263