World Species : Protected Area : Torre Manfria, Biviere e Piana di Gela

Torre Manfria, Biviere e Piana di Gela

Location:	Italy
Area:	44,096 acres (17,845 hectares)
Species:	All Endangered Invasive
Climate:	View Climate Data
Land Use:	View Land Use Data
Köppen climate classification:	Csa (Climate: warm temperate; Precipitation: summer dry; Temperature: hot summer)
Natura 2000 Data Sheet:	View Data Sheet Explanatory notes

Ecoregions

Tyrrhenian-Adriatic sclerophyllous and mixed forests

Soils

— Protected Area Boundary

	A			B						C								D						E

Share	40 %	30 %	30 %	35 %	30 %	15 %	10 %	5 %	5 %	20 %	15 %	13 %	12 %	10 %	10 %	10 %	10 %	40 %	25 %	20 %	5 %	5 %	5 %	50 %	30 %	15 %	5 %
Soil Type	Eutric Fluvisols	Eutric Gleysols	Eutric Regosols	Calcaric Regosols	Eutric Regosols	Eutric Cambisols	Lithic Leptosols	Gleyic Luvisols	Haplic Luvisols	Vertic Cambisols	Eutric Vertisols	Calcaric Cambisols	Eutric Cambisols	Eutric Regosols	Lithic Leptosols	Calcaric Regosols	Haplic Luvisols	Eutric Cambisols	Calcaric Cambisols	Calcaric Regosols	Chromic Luvisols	Eutric Cambisols	Haplic Luvisols	Eutric Cambisols	Eutric Fluvisols	Gleyic Cambisols	Eutric Vertisols
Topsoil Texture	Coarse	Medium	Coarse	Medium	Fine	Medium	Medium	Medium	Medium	Medium	Medium	Medium	Medium	Fine	Medium	Medium	Medium	Medium	Coarse	Medium	Medium	Medium	Medium	Coarse	Fine	Coarse	Fine
Reference Depth	100 cm	100 cm	100 cm	100 cm	100 cm	100 cm	10 cm	100 cm	100 cm	100 cm	100 cm	100 cm	100 cm	100 cm	10 cm	100 cm	100 cm	100 cm	100 cm	100 cm	100 cm	100 cm	100 cm	100 cm	100 cm	100 cm	100 cm
Drainage	Poor	Poor	Somewhat excessive	Moderately well	Moderately well	Moderately well	Imperfectly	Poor	Moderately well	Moderately well	Poor	Moderately well	Moderately well	Moderately well	Imperfectly	Moderately well	Moderately well	Moderately well	Well	Moderately well	Moderately well	Moderately well	Moderately well	Well	Very poor	Poor	Poor
Available Water Capacity	150 m	150 m	100 m	100 m	75 m	100 m	15 mm	100 m	100 m	150 m	125 m	150 m	150 m	150 m	15 mm	150 m	150 m	150 m	100 m	150 m	150 m	150 m	150 m	15 m	75 m	15 m	50 m
Phase 1				Stony	Stony	Stony	Stony	Stony	Stony															Gravelly	Gravelly	Gravelly	Gravelly
Root Obstacle	60 - 80 cm	60 - 80 cm	None to 80 cm	None to 80 cm	None to 80 cm	None to 80 cm		None to 80 cm	None to 80 cm	None to 80 cm	None to 80 cm	None to 80 cm	None to 80 cm	None to 80 cm		None to 80 cm	None to 80 cm	None to 80 cm	60 - 80 cm	None to 80 cm	None to 80 cm	None to 80 cm	None to 80 cm	None to 80 cm	None to 80 cm	60 - 80 cm	None to 80 cm
Impermeable Layer	None to 150 cm	None to 150 cm	None to 150 cm	80 - 150 cm	80 - 150 cm	80 - 150 cm		None to 150 cm	None to 150 cm	None to 150 cm	None to 150 cm	None to 150 cm	None to 150 cm	None to 150 cm		None to 150 cm	None to 150 cm	None to 150 cm	None to 150 cm	None to 150 cm	None to 150 cm	None to 150 cm	None to 150 cm	None to 150 cm	None to 150 cm	None to 150 cm	None to 150 cm
Soil Water Regime	Wet within 80 cm for 3 to 6 months, but not wet within 40 cm for over 1 month	Wet within 80 cm for 3 to 6 months, but not wet within 40 cm for over 1 month	Not wet within 80 cm for over 3 months, nor wet within 40 cm for over 1 month	Wet within 80 cm over 6 months, but not wet within 40 cm for over 11 month	Wet within 80 cm over 6 months, but not wet within 40 cm for over 11 month	Not wet within 80 cm for over 3 months, nor wet within 40 cm for over 1 month		Wet within 80 cm for 3 to 6 months, but not wet within 40 cm for over 1 month	Not wet within 80 cm for over 3 months, nor wet within 40 cm for over 1 month	Not wet within 80 cm for over 3 months, nor wet within 40 cm for over 1 month	Wet within 80 cm over 6 months, but not wet within 40 cm for over 11 month	Not wet within 80 cm for over 3 months, nor wet within 40 cm for over 1 month	Not wet within 80 cm for over 3 months, nor wet within 40 cm for over 1 month	Not wet within 80 cm for over 3 months, nor wet within 40 cm for over 1 month		Not wet within 80 cm for over 3 months, nor wet within 40 cm for over 1 month	Not wet within 80 cm for over 3 months, nor wet within 40 cm for over 1 month	Not wet within 80 cm for over 3 months, nor wet within 40 cm for over 1 month	Not wet within 80 cm for over 3 months, nor wet within 40 cm for over 1 month	Not wet within 80 cm for over 3 months, nor wet within 40 cm for over 1 month	Not wet within 80 cm for over 3 months, nor wet within 40 cm for over 1 month	Not wet within 80 cm for over 3 months, nor wet within 40 cm for over 1 month	Not wet within 80 cm for over 3 months, nor wet within 40 cm for over 1 month	Wet within 80 cm for 3 to 6 months, but not wet within 40 cm for over 1 month	Not wet within 80 cm for over 3 months, nor wet within 40 cm for over 1 month	Wet within 80 cm over 6 months, but not wet within 40 cm for over 11 month	Wet within 80 cm for 3 to 6 months, but not wet within 40 cm for over 1 month
Misc. Property										Vertic (cracks of more than 1 cm wide)	Vertic (cracks of more than 1 cm wide)																Vertic (cracks of more than 1 cm wide)
Topsoil Properties
Gravel	18 %	4 %	15 %	14 %	48 %	9 %	21 %	5 %	4 %	7 %	7 %	6 %	9 %	48 %	21 %	14 %	4 %	9 %	5 %	14 %	12 %	9 %	4 %	10 %	4 %	5 %	4 %
Sand	80 %	37 %	83 %	44 %	26 %	42 %	42 %	47 %	41 %	45 %	44 %	36 %	42 %	26 %	42 %	44 %	41 %	42 %	76 %	44 %	48 %	42 %	41 %	77 %	19 %	76 %	19 %
Silt	12 %	40 %	11 %	35 %	30 %	36 %	34 %	29 %	37 %	29 %	27 %	43 %	36 %	30 %	34 %	35 %	37 %	36 %	12 %	35 %	28 %	36 %	37 %	14 %	32 %	13 %	25 %
Clay	8 %	23 %	6 %	21 %	44 %	22 %	24 %	24 %	22 %	26 %	29 %	21 %	22 %	44 %	24 %	21 %	22 %	22 %	12 %	21 %	24 %	22 %	22 %	9 %	49 %	11 %	56 %
USDA Texture	Loamy sand	Loam	Loamy sand	Loam	Clay	Loam	Loam	Loam	Loam	Loam	Clay loam	Loam	Loam	Clay	Loam	Loam	Loam	Loam	Sandy loam	Loam	Loam	Loam	Loam	Sandy loam	Clay	Sandy loam	Clay
Reference Bulk Density	1.62 g/cm³	1.38 g/cm³	1.67 g/cm³	1.41 g/cm³	1.26 g/cm³	1.4 g/cm³	1.38 g/cm³	1.39 g/cm³	1.4 g/cm³	1.38 g/cm³	1.36 g/cm³	1.39 g/cm³	1.4 g/cm³	1.26 g/cm³	1.38 g/cm³	1.41 g/cm³	1.4 g/cm³	1.4 g/cm³	1.55 g/cm³	1.41 g/cm³	1.4 g/cm³	1.4 g/cm³	1.4 g/cm³	1.6 g/cm³	1.24 g/cm³	1.56 g/cm³	1.22 g/cm³
Bulk Density	1.27 g/cm³	1.35 g/cm³	1.3 g/cm³	1.37 g/cm³	1.28 g/cm³	1.37 g/cm³	1.3 g/cm³	1.54 g/cm³	1.43 g/cm³	1.3 g/cm³	1.29 g/cm³	1.41 g/cm³	1.37 g/cm³	1.28 g/cm³	1.3 g/cm³	1.37 g/cm³	1.43 g/cm³	1.37 g/cm³	1.48 g/cm³	1.37 g/cm³	1.53 g/cm³	1.37 g/cm³	1.43 g/cm³	1.5 g/cm³	1.27 g/cm³	1.31 g/cm³	1.56 g/cm³
Organic Carbon	0.58 %	1.07 %	0.5 %	0.75 %	1.89 %	1 %	1.61 %	0.83 %	0.74 %	0.77 %	1.5 %	0.65 %	1 %	1.89 %	1.61 %	0.75 %	0.74 %	1 %	0.36 %	0.75 %	0.83 %	1 %	0.74 %	0.7 %	1.19 %	0.79 %	1.05 %
PH	6.8	6.2	6.6	8	6.1	6.6	7.5	6.3	6.5	6.9	6.7	8	6.6	6.1	7.5	8	6.5	6.6	8.2	8	6.3	6.6	6.5	6.9	6.2	6.2	6.9
Clay Cation Exchange Capacity	64 cmol kg⁻¹	41 cmol kg⁻¹	50 cmol kg⁻¹	45 cmol kg⁻¹	52 cmol kg⁻¹	55 cmol kg⁻¹	42 cmol kg⁻¹	46 cmol kg⁻¹	47 cmol kg⁻¹	53 cmol kg⁻¹	59 cmol kg⁻¹	52 cmol kg⁻¹	55 cmol kg⁻¹	52 cmol kg⁻¹	42 cmol kg⁻¹	45 cmol kg⁻¹	47 cmol kg⁻¹	55 cmol kg⁻¹	37 cmol kg⁻¹	45 cmol kg⁻¹	39 cmol kg⁻¹	55 cmol kg⁻¹	47 cmol kg⁻¹	49 cmol kg⁻¹	38 cmol kg⁻¹	40 cmol kg⁻¹	70 cmol kg⁻¹
Soil Cation Exchange Capacity	7 cmol kg⁻¹	13 cmol kg⁻¹	5 cmol kg⁻¹	17 cmol kg⁻¹	24 cmol kg⁻¹	16 cmol kg⁻¹	16 cmol kg⁻¹	16 cmol kg⁻¹	13 cmol kg⁻¹	19 cmol kg⁻¹	24 cmol kg⁻¹	16 cmol kg⁻¹	16 cmol kg⁻¹	24 cmol kg⁻¹	16 cmol kg⁻¹	17 cmol kg⁻¹	13 cmol kg⁻¹	16 cmol kg⁻¹	10 cmol kg⁻¹	17 cmol kg⁻¹	12 cmol kg⁻¹	16 cmol kg⁻¹	13 cmol kg⁻¹	7 cmol kg⁻¹	24 cmol kg⁻¹	7 cmol kg⁻¹	43 cmol kg⁻¹
Base Saturation	89 %	88 %	93 %	100 %	62 %	93 %	100 %	93 %	91 %	82 %	86 %	100 %	93 %	62 %	100 %	100 %	91 %	93 %	97 %	100 %	88 %	93 %	91 %	91 %	91 %	71 %	100 %
Total Exchangeable Bases	7.4 cmol kg⁻¹	10.2 cmol kg⁻¹	4.2 cmol kg⁻¹	26.8 cmol kg⁻¹	12.9 cmol kg⁻¹	14 cmol kg⁻¹	15.5 cmol kg⁻¹	14.9 cmol kg⁻¹	11 cmol kg⁻¹	15.9 cmol kg⁻¹	19.5 cmol kg⁻¹	24.3 cmol kg⁻¹	14 cmol kg⁻¹	12.9 cmol kg⁻¹	15.5 cmol kg⁻¹	26.8 cmol kg⁻¹	11 cmol kg⁻¹	14 cmol kg⁻¹	8.4 cmol kg⁻¹	26.8 cmol kg⁻¹	10 cmol kg⁻¹	14 cmol kg⁻¹	11 cmol kg⁻¹	6.7 cmol kg⁻¹	22.7 cmol kg⁻¹	7.1 cmol kg⁻¹	40.9 cmol kg⁻¹
Calcium Carbonate	0 %	0 %	0 %	15 %	0 %	0 %	3.9 %	0 %	0 %	0.1 %	0 %	7 %	0 %	0 %	3.9 %	15 %	0 %	0 %	3 %	15 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0.1 %	0 %	0 %	0.2 %
Calcium Sulphate	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %
Exchangeable Sodium	3 %	2 %	3 %	2 %	0 %	2 %	3 %	2 %	1 %	1 %	2 %	1 %	2 %	0 %	3 %	2 %	1 %	2 %	7 %	2 %	1 %	2 %	1 %	2 %	1 %	3 %	1 %
Electrical Conductivity	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.2 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.4 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.2 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.2 dS m-1	0.2 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1
Subsoil Properties
Gravel	10 %	5 %	22 %	18 %	33 %	12 %		6 %	3 %	10 %	3 %	10 %	12 %	33 %		18 %	3 %	12 %	9 %	18 %	8 %	12 %	3 %	20 %	3 %	8 %	5 %
Sand	79 %	36 %	80 %	40 %	24 %	41 %		39 %	37 %	35 %	40 %	34 %	41 %	24 %		40 %	37 %	41 %	70 %	40 %	41 %	41 %	37 %	67 %	21 %	62 %	18 %
Silt	11 %	36 %	11 %	35 %	27 %	34 %		27 %	34 %	28 %	23 %	43 %	34 %	27 %		35 %	34 %	34 %	14 %	35 %	25 %	34 %	34 %	16 %	32 %	15 %	24 %
Clay	10 %	28 %	9 %	25 %	49 %	25 %		34 %	29 %	37 %	37 %	23 %	25 %	49 %		25 %	29 %	25 %	16 %	25 %	34 %	25 %	29 %	17 %	47 %	23 %	58 %
USDA Texture	Sandy loam	Clay loam	Loamy sand	Loam	Clay	Loam		Clay loam	Clay loam	Clay loam	Clay loam	Loam	Loam	Clay		Loam	Clay loam	Loam	Sandy loam	Loam	Clay loam	Loam	Clay loam	Sandy loam	Clay	Sandy clay loam	Clay
Reference Bulk Density	1.59 g/cm³	1.35 g/cm³	1.6 g/cm³	1.37 g/cm³	1.24 g/cm³	1.38 g/cm³		1.33 g/cm³	1.35 g/cm³	1.3 g/cm³	1.32 g/cm³	1.38 g/cm³	1.38 g/cm³	1.24 g/cm³		1.37 g/cm³	1.35 g/cm³	1.38 g/cm³	1.5 g/cm³	1.37 g/cm³	1.33 g/cm³	1.38 g/cm³	1.35 g/cm³	1.48 g/cm³	1.24 g/cm³	1.43 g/cm³	1.21 g/cm³
Bulk Density	1.44 g/cm³	1.5 g/cm³	1.22 g/cm³	1.5 g/cm³	1.35 g/cm³	1.39 g/cm³		1.65 g/cm³	1.51 g/cm³	1.38 g/cm³	1.35 g/cm³	1.45 g/cm³	1.39 g/cm³	1.35 g/cm³		1.5 g/cm³	1.51 g/cm³	1.39 g/cm³	1.43 g/cm³	1.5 g/cm³	1.51 g/cm³	1.39 g/cm³	1.51 g/cm³	1.5 g/cm³	1.39 g/cm³	1.44 g/cm³	1.6 g/cm³
Organic Carbon	0.24 %	0.37 %	0.3 %	0.47 %	0.61 %	0.37 %		0.28 %	0.36 %	0.38 %	0.65 %	0.43 %	0.37 %	0.61 %		0.47 %	0.36 %	0.37 %	0.34 %	0.47 %	0.4 %	0.37 %	0.36 %	0.4 %	0.55 %	0.41 %	0.59 %
PH	6.9	6.6	6.7	8.1	6.4	7		7	6.7	7.3	7.2	8.1	7	6.4		8.1	6.7	7	8	8.1	6.4	7	6.7	7.3	6.8	6.1	7.5
Clay Cation Exchange Capacity	57 cmol kg⁻¹	42 cmol kg⁻¹	44 cmol kg⁻¹	52 cmol kg⁻¹	40 cmol kg⁻¹	55 cmol kg⁻¹		44 cmol kg⁻¹	50 cmol kg⁻¹	62 cmol kg⁻¹	67 cmol kg⁻¹	54 cmol kg⁻¹	55 cmol kg⁻¹	40 cmol kg⁻¹		52 cmol kg⁻¹	50 cmol kg⁻¹	55 cmol kg⁻¹	36 cmol kg⁻¹	52 cmol kg⁻¹	41 cmol kg⁻¹	55 cmol kg⁻¹	50 cmol kg⁻¹	48 cmol kg⁻¹	41 cmol kg⁻¹	32 cmol kg⁻¹	70 cmol kg⁻¹
Soil Cation Exchange Capacity	6 cmol kg⁻¹	13 cmol kg⁻¹	4 cmol kg⁻¹	15 cmol kg⁻¹	23 cmol kg⁻¹	15 cmol kg⁻¹		16 cmol kg⁻¹	14 cmol kg⁻¹	25 cmol kg⁻¹	27 cmol kg⁻¹	16 cmol kg⁻¹	15 cmol kg⁻¹	23 cmol kg⁻¹		15 cmol kg⁻¹	14 cmol kg⁻¹	15 cmol kg⁻¹	22 cmol kg⁻¹	15 cmol kg⁻¹	15 cmol kg⁻¹	15 cmol kg⁻¹	14 cmol kg⁻¹	8 cmol kg⁻¹	20 cmol kg⁻¹	12 cmol kg⁻¹	42 cmol kg⁻¹
Base Saturation	93 %	90 %	76 %	100 %	55 %	93 %		99 %	93 %	90 %	90 %	100 %	93 %	55 %		100 %	93 %	93 %	84 %	100 %	90 %	93 %	93 %	91 %	99 %	77 %	100 %
Total Exchangeable Bases	9 cmol kg⁻¹	11.9 cmol kg⁻¹	2.8 cmol kg⁻¹	36.5 cmol kg⁻¹	11.6 cmol kg⁻¹	15.1 cmol kg⁻¹		15.9 cmol kg⁻¹	13.1 cmol kg⁻¹	25 cmol kg⁻¹	23.9 cmol kg⁻¹	28.7 cmol kg⁻¹	15.1 cmol kg⁻¹	11.6 cmol kg⁻¹		36.5 cmol kg⁻¹	13.1 cmol kg⁻¹	15.1 cmol kg⁻¹	7.9 cmol kg⁻¹	36.5 cmol kg⁻¹	12 cmol kg⁻¹	15.1 cmol kg⁻¹	13.1 cmol kg⁻¹	9.3 cmol kg⁻¹	18.2 cmol kg⁻¹	8.9 cmol kg⁻¹	44.2 cmol kg⁻¹
Calcium Carbonate	0.1 %	0 %	0 %	15 %	0 %	0.1 %		0.4 %	0 %	0.8 %	0.1 %	8.7 %	0.1 %	0 %		15 %	0 %	0.1 %	5.5 %	15 %	0 %	0.1 %	0 %	0.1 %	0.2 %	0 %	0.8 %
Calcium Sulphate	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %		0 %	0 %	0 %	0.1 %	0.4 %	0 %	0 %		0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %
Exchangeable Sodium	2 %	2 %	3 %	2 %	0 %	2 %		2 %	1 %	0 %	2 %	1 %	2 %	0 %		2 %	1 %	2 %	4 %	2 %	1 %	2 %	1 %	2 %	2 %	3 %	2 %
Electrical Conductivity	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.3 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1		0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.3 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1		0.3 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.4 dS m-1	0.3 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1

Soil data provided by FAO/IIASA/ISRIC/ISSCAS/JRC, 2012. Harmonized World Soil Database (version 1.2). FAO, Rome, Italy and IIASA, Laxenburg, Austria.

Köppen climate classification provided by Kottek, M., J. Grieser, C. Beck, B. Rudolf, and F. Rubel, 2006: World Map of Köppen-Geiger Climate Classification updated. Meteorol. Z., 15, 259-263