World Species : Protected Area : Monti Soprano, Vesole e Gole del Fiume Calore Salernitano

Monti Soprano, Vesole e Gole del Fiume Calore Salernitano

Location:	Italy
Area:	14,762 acres (5,974 hectares)
Species:	All Endangered Invasive
Climate:	View Climate Data
Land Use:	View Land Use Data
Köppen climate classification:	Csa (Climate: warm temperate; Precipitation: summer dry; Temperature: hot summer)
Natura 2000 Data Sheet:	View Data Sheet Explanatory notes

Ecoregions

Italian sclerophyllous and semi-deciduous forests
Tyrrhenian-Adriatic sclerophyllous and mixed forests

Soils

— Protected Area Boundary

	A			B

Share	70 %	20 %	10 %	50 %	30 %	15 %	5 %
Soil Type	Calcaric Cambisols	Chromic Luvisols	Eutric Regosols	Eutric Cambisols	Eutric Fluvisols	Gleyic Cambisols	Eutric Vertisols
Topsoil Texture	Medium	Fine	Medium	Coarse	Fine	Coarse	Fine
Reference Depth	100 cm	100 cm	100 cm	100 cm	100 cm	100 cm	100 cm
Drainage	Imperfectly	Imperfectly	Imperfectly	Well	Very poor	Poor	Poor
Available Water Capacity	50 m	50 m	50 m	15 m	75 m	15 m	50 m
Phase 1	Lithic	Lithic	Lithic	Gravelly	Gravelly	Gravelly	Gravelly
Root Obstacle	None to 80 cm	None to 80 cm	None to 80 cm	None to 80 cm	None to 80 cm	60 - 80 cm	None to 80 cm
Impermeable Layer	None to 150 cm	None to 150 cm	80 - 150 cm	None to 150 cm	None to 150 cm	None to 150 cm	None to 150 cm
Soil Water Regime	Wet within 80 cm for 3 to 6 months, but not wet within 40 cm for over 1 month	Not wet within 80 cm for over 3 months, nor wet within 40 cm for over 1 month	Wet within 80 cm for 3 to 6 months, but not wet within 40 cm for over 1 month	Wet within 80 cm for 3 to 6 months, but not wet within 40 cm for over 1 month	Not wet within 80 cm for over 3 months, nor wet within 40 cm for over 1 month	Wet within 80 cm over 6 months, but not wet within 40 cm for over 11 month	Wet within 80 cm for 3 to 6 months, but not wet within 40 cm for over 1 month
Misc. Property							Vertic (cracks of more than 1 cm wide)
Topsoil Properties
Gravel	6 %	4 %	25 %	10 %	4 %	5 %	4 %
Sand	36 %	27 %	47 %	77 %	19 %	76 %	19 %
Silt	43 %	27 %	34 %	14 %	32 %	13 %	25 %
Clay	21 %	46 %	19 %	9 %	49 %	11 %	56 %
USDA Texture	Loam	Clay	Loam	Sandy loam	Clay	Sandy loam	Clay
Reference Bulk Density	1.39 g/cm³	1.26 g/cm³	1.43 g/cm³	1.6 g/cm³	1.24 g/cm³	1.56 g/cm³	1.22 g/cm³
Bulk Density	1.41 g/cm³	1.37 g/cm³	1.21 g/cm³	1.5 g/cm³	1.27 g/cm³	1.31 g/cm³	1.56 g/cm³
Organic Carbon	0.65 %	1.2 %	0.98 %	0.7 %	1.19 %	0.79 %	1.05 %
PH	8	6.3	6.4	6.9	6.2	6.2	6.9
Clay Cation Exchange Capacity	52 cmol kg⁻¹	31 cmol kg⁻¹	40 cmol kg⁻¹	49 cmol kg⁻¹	38 cmol kg⁻¹	40 cmol kg⁻¹	70 cmol kg⁻¹
Soil Cation Exchange Capacity	16 cmol kg⁻¹	19 cmol kg⁻¹	12 cmol kg⁻¹	7 cmol kg⁻¹	24 cmol kg⁻¹	7 cmol kg⁻¹	43 cmol kg⁻¹
Base Saturation	100 %	79 %	78 %	91 %	91 %	71 %	100 %
Total Exchangeable Bases	24.3 cmol kg⁻¹	13.4 cmol kg⁻¹	14 cmol kg⁻¹	6.7 cmol kg⁻¹	22.7 cmol kg⁻¹	7.1 cmol kg⁻¹	40.9 cmol kg⁻¹
Calcium Carbonate	7 %	0 %	0 %	0.1 %	0 %	0 %	0.2 %
Calcium Sulphate	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %
Exchangeable Sodium	1 %	1 %	1 %	2 %	1 %	3 %	1 %
Electrical Conductivity	0.4 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1
Subsoil Properties
Gravel	10 %	6 %	28 %	20 %	3 %	8 %	5 %
Sand	34 %	21 %	51 %	67 %	21 %	62 %	18 %
Silt	43 %	25 %	31 %	16 %	32 %	15 %	24 %
Clay	23 %	54 %	18 %	17 %	47 %	23 %	58 %
USDA Texture	Loam	Clay	Loam	Sandy loam	Clay	Sandy clay loam	Clay
Reference Bulk Density	1.38 g/cm³	1.22 g/cm³	1.44 g/cm³	1.48 g/cm³	1.24 g/cm³	1.43 g/cm³	1.21 g/cm³
Bulk Density	1.45 g/cm³	1.4 g/cm³	1.45 g/cm³	1.5 g/cm³	1.39 g/cm³	1.44 g/cm³	1.6 g/cm³
Organic Carbon	0.43 %	0.58 %	0.4 %	0.4 %	0.55 %	0.41 %	0.59 %
PH	8.1	6.4	6.9	7.3	6.8	6.1	7.5
Clay Cation Exchange Capacity	54 cmol kg⁻¹	33 cmol kg⁻¹	56 cmol kg⁻¹	48 cmol kg⁻¹	41 cmol kg⁻¹	32 cmol kg⁻¹	70 cmol kg⁻¹
Soil Cation Exchange Capacity	16 cmol kg⁻¹	20 cmol kg⁻¹	11 cmol kg⁻¹	8 cmol kg⁻¹	20 cmol kg⁻¹	12 cmol kg⁻¹	42 cmol kg⁻¹
Base Saturation	100 %	83 %	89 %	91 %	99 %	77 %	100 %
Total Exchangeable Bases	28.7 cmol kg⁻¹	13.1 cmol kg⁻¹	10.3 cmol kg⁻¹	9.3 cmol kg⁻¹	18.2 cmol kg⁻¹	8.9 cmol kg⁻¹	44.2 cmol kg⁻¹
Calcium Carbonate	8.7 %	0 %	0 %	0.1 %	0.2 %	0 %	0.8 %
Calcium Sulphate	0.4 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %
Exchangeable Sodium	1 %	1 %	2 %	2 %	2 %	3 %	2 %
Electrical Conductivity	0.3 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1

Soil data provided by FAO/IIASA/ISRIC/ISSCAS/JRC, 2012. Harmonized World Soil Database (version 1.2). FAO, Rome, Italy and IIASA, Laxenburg, Austria.

Köppen climate classification provided by Kottek, M., J. Grieser, C. Beck, B. Rudolf, and F. Rubel, 2006: World Map of Köppen-Geiger Climate Classification updated. Meteorol. Z., 15, 259-263