World Species : Protected Area : Torrente Tona

Torrente Tona

Location:	Italy
Area:	971 acres (393 hectares)
Species:	All Endangered Invasive
Climate:	View Climate Data
Land Use:	View Land Use Data
Köppen climate classification:	Cfa (Climate: warm temperate; Precipitation: fully humid; Temperature: hot summer)
Natura 2000 Data Sheet:	View Data Sheet Explanatory notes

Ecoregions

Italian sclerophyllous and semi-deciduous forests

Soils

— Protected Area Boundary

	A				B

Share	50 %	30 %	10 %	10 %	30 %	30 %	30 %	5 %	5 %
Soil Type	Rendzic Leptosols	Lithic Leptosols	Eutric Cambisols	Eutric Cambisols	Eutric Vertisols	Eutric Vertisols	Vertic Cambisols	Chromic Luvisols	Vertic Luvisols
Topsoil Texture	Medium	Medium	Medium	Medium	Medium	Medium	Medium	Medium	Medium
Reference Depth	30 cm	10 cm	100 cm	100 cm	100 cm	100 cm	100 cm	100 cm	100 cm
Drainage	Imperfectly	Imperfectly	Imperfectly	Imperfectly	Poor	Poor	Moderately well	Moderately well	Moderately well
Available Water Capacity	50 mm	15 mm	50 m	50 m	125 m	125 m	150 m	150 m	150 m
Phase 1			Lithic	Lithic
Root Obstacle			None to 80 cm	None to 80 cm	None to 80 cm	None to 80 cm	None to 80 cm	None to 80 cm	None to 80 cm
Impermeable Layer			None to 150 cm	None to 150 cm	None to 150 cm	None to 150 cm	None to 150 cm	None to 150 cm	None to 150 cm
Soil Water Regime			Not wet within 80 cm for over 3 months, nor wet within 40 cm for over 1 month	Not wet within 80 cm for over 3 months, nor wet within 40 cm for over 1 month	Wet within 80 cm for 3 to 6 months, but not wet within 40 cm for over 1 month	Wet within 80 cm for 3 to 6 months, but not wet within 40 cm for over 1 month	Not wet within 80 cm for over 3 months, nor wet within 40 cm for over 1 month	Wet within 80 cm for 3 to 6 months, but not wet within 40 cm for over 1 month	Not wet within 80 cm for over 3 months, nor wet within 40 cm for over 1 month
Misc. Property					Vertic (cracks of more than 1 cm wide)	Vertic (cracks of more than 1 cm wide)	Vertic (cracks of more than 1 cm wide)		Vertic (cracks of more than 1 cm wide)
Topsoil Properties
Gravel	16 %	21 %	9 %	9 %	7 %	7 %	7 %	12 %	5 %
Sand	37 %	42 %	42 %	42 %	44 %	44 %	45 %	48 %	42 %
Silt	44 %	34 %	36 %	36 %	27 %	27 %	29 %	28 %	31 %
Clay	19 %	24 %	22 %	22 %	29 %	29 %	26 %	24 %	27 %
USDA Texture	Loam	Loam	Loam	Loam	Clay loam	Clay loam	Loam	Loam	Clay loam
Reference Bulk Density	1.41 g/cm³	1.38 g/cm³	1.4 g/cm³	1.4 g/cm³	1.36 g/cm³	1.36 g/cm³	1.38 g/cm³	1.4 g/cm³	1.37 g/cm³
Bulk Density	1.24 g/cm³	1.3 g/cm³	1.37 g/cm³	1.37 g/cm³	1.29 g/cm³	1.29 g/cm³	1.3 g/cm³	1.53 g/cm³	1.3 g/cm³
Organic Carbon	2.13 %	1.61 %	1 %	1 %	1.5 %	1.5 %	0.77 %	0.83 %	0.48 %
PH	7.5	7.5	6.6	6.6	6.7	6.7	6.9	6.3	7.2
Clay Cation Exchange Capacity	80 cmol kg⁻¹	42 cmol kg⁻¹	55 cmol kg⁻¹	55 cmol kg⁻¹	59 cmol kg⁻¹	59 cmol kg⁻¹	53 cmol kg⁻¹	39 cmol kg⁻¹	63 cmol kg⁻¹
Soil Cation Exchange Capacity	27 cmol kg⁻¹	16 cmol kg⁻¹	16 cmol kg⁻¹	16 cmol kg⁻¹	24 cmol kg⁻¹	24 cmol kg⁻¹	19 cmol kg⁻¹	12 cmol kg⁻¹	20 cmol kg⁻¹
Base Saturation	100 %	100 %	93 %	93 %	86 %	86 %	82 %	88 %	99 %
Total Exchangeable Bases	28.8 cmol kg⁻¹	15.5 cmol kg⁻¹	14 cmol kg⁻¹	14 cmol kg⁻¹	19.5 cmol kg⁻¹	19.5 cmol kg⁻¹	15.9 cmol kg⁻¹	10 cmol kg⁻¹	22.1 cmol kg⁻¹
Calcium Carbonate	6 %	3.9 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0.1 %	0 %	0.3 %
Calcium Sulphate	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %
Exchangeable Sodium	2 %	3 %	2 %	2 %	2 %	2 %	1 %	1 %	1 %
Electrical Conductivity	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1
Subsoil Properties
Gravel			12 %	12 %	3 %	3 %	10 %	8 %	7 %
Sand			41 %	41 %	40 %	40 %	35 %	41 %	34 %
Silt			34 %	34 %	23 %	23 %	28 %	25 %	28 %
Clay			25 %	25 %	37 %	37 %	37 %	34 %	38 %
USDA Texture			Loam	Loam	Clay loam	Clay loam	Clay loam	Clay loam	Clay loam
Reference Bulk Density			1.38 g/cm³	1.38 g/cm³	1.32 g/cm³	1.32 g/cm³	1.3 g/cm³	1.33 g/cm³	1.3 g/cm³
Bulk Density			1.39 g/cm³	1.39 g/cm³	1.35 g/cm³	1.35 g/cm³	1.38 g/cm³	1.51 g/cm³	1.47 g/cm³
Organic Carbon			0.37 %	0.37 %	0.65 %	0.65 %	0.38 %	0.4 %	0.38 %
PH			7	7	7.2	7.2	7.3	6.4	7.4
Clay Cation Exchange Capacity			55 cmol kg⁻¹	55 cmol kg⁻¹	67 cmol kg⁻¹	67 cmol kg⁻¹	62 cmol kg⁻¹	41 cmol kg⁻¹	69 cmol kg⁻¹
Soil Cation Exchange Capacity			15 cmol kg⁻¹	15 cmol kg⁻¹	27 cmol kg⁻¹	27 cmol kg⁻¹	25 cmol kg⁻¹	15 cmol kg⁻¹	27 cmol kg⁻¹
Base Saturation			93 %	93 %	90 %	90 %	90 %	90 %	98 %
Total Exchangeable Bases			15.1 cmol kg⁻¹	15.1 cmol kg⁻¹	23.9 cmol kg⁻¹	23.9 cmol kg⁻¹	25 cmol kg⁻¹	12 cmol kg⁻¹	25.8 cmol kg⁻¹
Calcium Carbonate			0.1 %	0.1 %	0.1 %	0.1 %	0.8 %	0 %	6 %
Calcium Sulphate			0 %	0 %	0.1 %	0.1 %	0 %	0 %	0 %
Exchangeable Sodium			2 %	2 %	2 %	2 %	0 %	1 %	4 %
Electrical Conductivity			0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1

Soil data provided by FAO/IIASA/ISRIC/ISSCAS/JRC, 2012. Harmonized World Soil Database (version 1.2). FAO, Rome, Italy and IIASA, Laxenburg, Austria.

Köppen climate classification provided by Kottek, M., J. Grieser, C. Beck, B. Rudolf, and F. Rubel, 2006: World Map of Köppen-Geiger Climate Classification updated. Meteorol. Z., 15, 259-263