World Species : Protected Area : Parco Nazionale Gran Sasso

Parco Nazionale Gran Sasso - Monti della Laga

Location:	Italy
Area:	354,129 acres (143,311 hectares)
Species:	All Endangered Invasive
Climate:	View Climate Data
Land Use:	View Land Use Data
Köppen climate classification:	Cfb (Climate: warm temperate; Precipitation: fully humid; Temperature: warm summer)
Natura 2000 Data Sheet:	View Data Sheet Explanatory notes

Ecoregions

Appenine deciduous montane forests
Italian sclerophyllous and semi-deciduous forests

Soils

— Protected Area Boundary

	A					B					C				D			E					F

Share	40 %	35 %	15 %	5 %	5 %	30 %	20 %	20 %	5 %	5 %	50 %	30 %	10 %	10 %	45 %	30 %	25 %	50 %	30 %	10 %	5 %	5 %	45 %	40 %	8 %	7 %
Soil Type	Lithic Leptosols	Umbric Leptosols	Haplic Luvisols	Dystric Cambisols	Humic Cambisols	Lithic Leptosols	Lithic Leptosols	Lithic Leptosols	Umbric Leptosols	Rendzic Leptosols	Rendzic Leptosols	Lithic Leptosols	Eutric Cambisols	Eutric Cambisols	Eutric Cambisols	Haplic Luvisols	Rendzic Leptosols	Dystric Cambisols	Eutric Cambisols	Haplic Luvisols	Lithic Leptosols	Lithic Leptosols	Vertic Cambisols	Calcaric Regosols	Eutric Vertisols	Eutric Cambisols
Topsoil Texture	Medium	Medium	Medium	Medium	Medium	Medium	Medium	Medium	Medium	Medium	Medium	Medium	Medium	Medium	Medium	Medium	Medium	Medium	Medium	Medium	Medium	Medium	Medium	Fine	Medium	Medium
Reference Depth	10 cm	30 cm	100 cm	100 cm	100 cm	10 cm	10 cm	10 cm	30 cm	30 cm	30 cm	10 cm	100 cm	100 cm	100 cm	100 cm	30 cm	100 cm	100 cm	100 cm	10 cm	10 cm	100 cm	100 cm	100 cm	100 cm
Drainage	Imperfectly	Imperfectly	Imperfectly	Imperfectly	Imperfectly	Imperfectly	Imperfectly	Imperfectly	Imperfectly	Imperfectly	Imperfectly	Imperfectly	Imperfectly	Imperfectly	Imperfectly	Imperfectly	Imperfectly	Imperfectly	Imperfectly	Imperfectly	Imperfectly	Imperfectly	Moderately well	Moderately well	Poor	Moderately well
Available Water Capacity	15 mm	15 mm	50 m	50 m	50 m	15 mm	15 mm	15 mm	15 mm	15 mm	50 mm	15 mm	50 m	50 m	50 m	50 m	50 mm	50 m	50 m	50 m	15 mm	15 mm	100 m	100 m	75 m	150 m
Phase 1			Lithic	Lithic	Lithic	Stony	Stony	Stony	Stony	Stony			Lithic	Lithic	Lithic	Lithic		Lithic	Lithic	Lithic
Root Obstacle			None to 80 cm	None to 80 cm	None to 80 cm								None to 80 cm	None to 80 cm	None to 80 cm	None to 80 cm		None to 80 cm	None to 80 cm	None to 80 cm			None to 80 cm	None to 80 cm	None to 80 cm	None to 80 cm
Impermeable Layer			None to 150 cm	None to 150 cm	None to 150 cm								None to 150 cm	None to 150 cm	None to 150 cm	None to 150 cm		None to 150 cm	None to 150 cm	None to 150 cm			40 - 80 cm	40 - 80 cm	40 - 80 cm	None to 150 cm
Soil Water Regime			Not wet within 80 cm for over 3 months, nor wet within 40 cm for over 1 month	Not wet within 80 cm for over 3 months, nor wet within 40 cm for over 1 month	Wet within 80 cm for 3 to 6 months, but not wet within 40 cm for over 1 month								Not wet within 80 cm for over 3 months, nor wet within 40 cm for over 1 month	Not wet within 80 cm for over 3 months, nor wet within 40 cm for over 1 month	Wet within 80 cm for 3 to 6 months, but not wet within 40 cm for over 1 month	Wet within 80 cm for 3 to 6 months, but not wet within 40 cm for over 1 month		Not wet within 80 cm for over 3 months, nor wet within 40 cm for over 1 month	Not wet within 80 cm for over 3 months, nor wet within 40 cm for over 1 month	Wet within 80 cm for 3 to 6 months, but not wet within 40 cm for over 1 month			Wet within 80 cm for 3 to 6 months, but not wet within 40 cm for over 1 month	Wet within 80 cm for 3 to 6 months, but not wet within 40 cm for over 1 month	Wet within 80 cm for 3 to 6 months, but not wet within 40 cm for over 1 month	Not wet within 80 cm for over 3 months, nor wet within 40 cm for over 1 month
Misc. Property																							Vertic (cracks of more than 1 cm wide)		Vertic (cracks of more than 1 cm wide)
Topsoil Properties
Gravel	21 %	6 %	4 %	10 %	8 %	21 %	21 %	21 %	6 %	16 %	16 %	21 %	9 %	9 %	9 %	4 %	16 %	10 %	9 %	4 %	21 %	21 %	7 %	48 %	7 %	9 %
Sand	42 %	49 %	41 %	42 %	41 %	42 %	42 %	42 %	49 %	37 %	37 %	42 %	42 %	42 %	42 %	41 %	37 %	42 %	42 %	41 %	42 %	42 %	45 %	22 %	44 %	42 %
Silt	34 %	31 %	37 %	38 %	36 %	34 %	34 %	34 %	31 %	44 %	44 %	34 %	36 %	36 %	36 %	37 %	44 %	38 %	36 %	37 %	34 %	34 %	29 %	36 %	27 %	36 %
Clay	24 %	20 %	22 %	20 %	23 %	24 %	24 %	24 %	20 %	19 %	19 %	24 %	22 %	22 %	22 %	22 %	19 %	20 %	22 %	22 %	24 %	24 %	26 %	42 %	29 %	22 %
USDA Texture	Loam	Loam	Loam	Loam	Loam	Loam	Loam	Loam	Loam	Loam	Loam	Loam	Loam	Loam	Loam	Loam	Loam	Loam	Loam	Loam	Loam	Loam	Loam	Clay	Clay loam	Loam
Reference Bulk Density	1.38 g/cm³	1.43 g/cm³	1.4 g/cm³	1.41 g/cm³	1.39 g/cm³	1.38 g/cm³	1.38 g/cm³	1.38 g/cm³	1.43 g/cm³	1.41 g/cm³	1.41 g/cm³	1.38 g/cm³	1.4 g/cm³	1.4 g/cm³	1.4 g/cm³	1.4 g/cm³	1.41 g/cm³	1.41 g/cm³	1.4 g/cm³	1.4 g/cm³	1.38 g/cm³	1.38 g/cm³	1.38 g/cm³	1.27 g/cm³	1.36 g/cm³	1.4 g/cm³
Bulk Density	1.3 g/cm³	1.1 g/cm³	1.43 g/cm³	1.3 g/cm³	1.1 g/cm³	1.3 g/cm³	1.3 g/cm³	1.3 g/cm³	1.1 g/cm³	1.24 g/cm³	1.24 g/cm³	1.3 g/cm³	1.37 g/cm³	1.37 g/cm³	1.37 g/cm³	1.43 g/cm³	1.24 g/cm³	1.3 g/cm³	1.37 g/cm³	1.43 g/cm³	1.3 g/cm³	1.3 g/cm³	1.3 g/cm³	1.28 g/cm³	1.29 g/cm³	1.37 g/cm³
Organic Carbon	1.61 %	2.4 %	0.74 %	1.45 %	2.72 %	1.61 %	1.61 %	1.61 %	2.4 %	2.13 %	2.13 %	1.61 %	1 %	1 %	1 %	0.74 %	2.13 %	1.45 %	1 %	0.74 %	1.61 %	1.61 %	0.77 %	1.83 %	1.5 %	1 %
PH	7.5	5.1	6.5	5.1	5.3	7.5	7.5	7.5	5.1	7.5	7.5	7.5	6.6	6.6	6.6	6.5	7.5	5.1	6.6	6.5	7.5	7.5	6.9	7.6	6.7	6.6
Clay Cation Exchange Capacity	42 cmol kg⁻¹	34 cmol kg⁻¹	47 cmol kg⁻¹	32 cmol kg⁻¹	52 cmol kg⁻¹	42 cmol kg⁻¹	42 cmol kg⁻¹	42 cmol kg⁻¹	34 cmol kg⁻¹	80 cmol kg⁻¹	80 cmol kg⁻¹	42 cmol kg⁻¹	55 cmol kg⁻¹	55 cmol kg⁻¹	55 cmol kg⁻¹	47 cmol kg⁻¹	80 cmol kg⁻¹	32 cmol kg⁻¹	55 cmol kg⁻¹	47 cmol kg⁻¹	42 cmol kg⁻¹	42 cmol kg⁻¹	53 cmol kg⁻¹	32 cmol kg⁻¹	59 cmol kg⁻¹	55 cmol kg⁻¹
Soil Cation Exchange Capacity	16 cmol kg⁻¹	12 cmol kg⁻¹	13 cmol kg⁻¹	12 cmol kg⁻¹	21 cmol kg⁻¹	16 cmol kg⁻¹	16 cmol kg⁻¹	16 cmol kg⁻¹	12 cmol kg⁻¹	27 cmol kg⁻¹	27 cmol kg⁻¹	16 cmol kg⁻¹	16 cmol kg⁻¹	16 cmol kg⁻¹	16 cmol kg⁻¹	13 cmol kg⁻¹	27 cmol kg⁻¹	12 cmol kg⁻¹	16 cmol kg⁻¹	13 cmol kg⁻¹	16 cmol kg⁻¹	16 cmol kg⁻¹	19 cmol kg⁻¹	23 cmol kg⁻¹	24 cmol kg⁻¹	16 cmol kg⁻¹
Base Saturation	100 %	36 %	91 %	38 %	25 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	36 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	93 %	93 %	93 %	91 %	100 %	38 %	93 %	91 %	100 %	100 %	82 %	62 %	86 %	93 %
Total Exchangeable Bases	15.5 cmol kg⁻¹	4.7 cmol kg⁻¹	11 cmol kg⁻¹	4.3 cmol kg⁻¹	5.4 cmol kg⁻¹	15.5 cmol kg⁻¹	15.5 cmol kg⁻¹	15.5 cmol kg⁻¹	4.7 cmol kg⁻¹	28.8 cmol kg⁻¹	28.8 cmol kg⁻¹	15.5 cmol kg⁻¹	14 cmol kg⁻¹	14 cmol kg⁻¹	14 cmol kg⁻¹	11 cmol kg⁻¹	28.8 cmol kg⁻¹	4.3 cmol kg⁻¹	14 cmol kg⁻¹	11 cmol kg⁻¹	15.5 cmol kg⁻¹	15.5 cmol kg⁻¹	15.9 cmol kg⁻¹	12.9 cmol kg⁻¹	19.5 cmol kg⁻¹	14 cmol kg⁻¹
Calcium Carbonate	3.9 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	3.9 %	3.9 %	3.9 %	0 %	6 %	6 %	3.9 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	6 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	3.9 %	3.9 %	0.1 %	3 %	0 %	0 %
Calcium Sulphate	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %
Exchangeable Sodium	3 %	4 %	1 %	2 %	1 %	3 %	3 %	3 %	4 %	2 %	2 %	3 %	2 %	2 %	2 %	1 %	2 %	2 %	2 %	1 %	3 %	3 %	1 %	1 %	2 %	2 %
Electrical Conductivity	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1
Subsoil Properties
Gravel			3 %	19 %	6 %								12 %	12 %	12 %	3 %		19 %	12 %	3 %			10 %	33 %	3 %	12 %
Sand			37 %	45 %	44 %								41 %	41 %	41 %	37 %		45 %	41 %	37 %			35 %	21 %	40 %	41 %
Silt			34 %	35 %	32 %								34 %	34 %	34 %	34 %		35 %	34 %	34 %			28 %	36 %	23 %	34 %
Clay			29 %	20 %	24 %								25 %	25 %	25 %	29 %		20 %	25 %	29 %			37 %	43 %	37 %	25 %
USDA Texture			Clay loam	Loam	Loam								Loam	Loam	Loam	Clay loam		Loam	Loam	Clay loam			Clay loam	Clay	Clay loam	Loam
Reference Bulk Density			1.35 g/cm³	1.42 g/cm³	1.39 g/cm³								1.38 g/cm³	1.38 g/cm³	1.38 g/cm³	1.35 g/cm³		1.42 g/cm³	1.38 g/cm³	1.35 g/cm³			1.3 g/cm³	1.25 g/cm³	1.32 g/cm³	1.38 g/cm³
Bulk Density			1.51 g/cm³	1.36 g/cm³	1.16 g/cm³								1.39 g/cm³	1.39 g/cm³	1.39 g/cm³	1.51 g/cm³		1.36 g/cm³	1.39 g/cm³	1.51 g/cm³			1.38 g/cm³	1.35 g/cm³	1.35 g/cm³	1.39 g/cm³
Organic Carbon			0.36 %	0.5 %	1.07 %								0.37 %	0.37 %	0.37 %	0.36 %		0.5 %	0.37 %	0.36 %			0.38 %	0.5 %	0.65 %	0.37 %
PH			6.7	5.2	5.3								7	7	7	6.7		5.2	7	6.7			7.3	7.8	7.2	7
Clay Cation Exchange Capacity			50 cmol kg⁻¹	35 cmol kg⁻¹	37 cmol kg⁻¹								55 cmol kg⁻¹	55 cmol kg⁻¹	55 cmol kg⁻¹	50 cmol kg⁻¹		35 cmol kg⁻¹	55 cmol kg⁻¹	50 cmol kg⁻¹			62 cmol kg⁻¹	39 cmol kg⁻¹	67 cmol kg⁻¹	55 cmol kg⁻¹
Soil Cation Exchange Capacity			14 cmol kg⁻¹	9 cmol kg⁻¹	14 cmol kg⁻¹								15 cmol kg⁻¹	15 cmol kg⁻¹	15 cmol kg⁻¹	14 cmol kg⁻¹		9 cmol kg⁻¹	15 cmol kg⁻¹	14 cmol kg⁻¹			25 cmol kg⁻¹	20 cmol kg⁻¹	27 cmol kg⁻¹	15 cmol kg⁻¹
Base Saturation			93 %	33 %	30 %								93 %	93 %	93 %	93 %		33 %	93 %	93 %			90 %	55 %	90 %	93 %
Total Exchangeable Bases			13.1 cmol kg⁻¹	2.6 cmol kg⁻¹	2.5 cmol kg⁻¹								15.1 cmol kg⁻¹	15.1 cmol kg⁻¹	15.1 cmol kg⁻¹	13.1 cmol kg⁻¹		2.6 cmol kg⁻¹	15.1 cmol kg⁻¹	13.1 cmol kg⁻¹			25 cmol kg⁻¹	11.6 cmol kg⁻¹	23.9 cmol kg⁻¹	15.1 cmol kg⁻¹
Calcium Carbonate			0 %	0 %	0 %								0.1 %	0.1 %	0.1 %	0 %		0 %	0.1 %	0 %			0.8 %	3 %	0.1 %	0.1 %
Calcium Sulphate			0 %	0 %	0 %								0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %		0 %	0 %	0 %			0 %	0 %	0.1 %	0 %
Exchangeable Sodium			1 %	2 %	2 %								2 %	2 %	2 %	1 %		2 %	2 %	1 %			0 %	3 %	2 %	2 %
Electrical Conductivity			0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1								0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1		0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1			0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1

Soil data provided by FAO/IIASA/ISRIC/ISSCAS/JRC, 2012. Harmonized World Soil Database (version 1.2). FAO, Rome, Italy and IIASA, Laxenburg, Austria.

Köppen climate classification provided by Kottek, M., J. Grieser, C. Beck, B. Rudolf, and F. Rubel, 2006: World Map of Köppen-Geiger Climate Classification updated. Meteorol. Z., 15, 259-263