World Species : Protected Area : Karula

Karula

Location:	Estonia
Area:	32,591 acres (13,189 hectares)
Species:	All Endangered Invasive
Climate:	View Climate Data
Land Use:	View Land Use Data
Köppen climate classification:	Dfb (Climate: snow; Precipitation: fully humid; Temperature: warm summer)
Natura 2000 Data Sheet:	View Data Sheet Explanatory notes

Ecoregions

Sarmatic mixed forests

Soils

— Protected Area Boundary

	A				B					C			D		E

Share	30 %	25 %	25 %	20 %	35 %	25 %	20 %	10 %	10 %	45 %	40 %	15 %	80 %	20 %
Soil Type	Eutric Planosols	Gleyic Luvisols	Calcaric Cambisols	Eutric Gleysols	Gleyic Luvisols	Haplic Podzols	Calcic Luvisols	Eutric Gleysols	Terric Histosols	Haplic Podzols	Terric Histosols	Gleyic Podzols	Haplic Podzols	Gleyic Podzols	Terric Histosols
Topsoil Texture	Fine	Fine	Fine	Fine	Medium	Coarse	Medium	Medium	Medium	Coarse	Medium	Coarse	Coarse	Coarse	Medium
Reference Depth	100 cm	100 cm	100 cm	100 cm	100 cm	100 cm	100 cm	100 cm	100 cm	100 cm	100 cm	100 cm	100 cm	100 cm	100 cm
Drainage	Poor	Poor	Moderately well	Very poor	Poor	Somewhat excessive	Moderately well	Poor	Very poor	Somewhat excessive	Very poor	Poor	Somewhat excessive	Poor	Very poor
Available Water Capacity	75 m	100 m	75 m	125 m	50 m	15 m	50 m	75 m	150 m	15 m	150 m	15 m	100 m	15 m	150 m
Phase 1	Stony	Stony	Stony	Stony	Gravelly	Gravelly	Gravelly	Gravelly		Gravelly		Gravelly		Gravelly
Phase 2					Stony		Stony
Root Obstacle	None to 80 cm	None to 80 cm	None to 80 cm	None to 80 cm	None to 80 cm	None to 80 cm	None to 80 cm	None to 80 cm	None to 80 cm	None to 80 cm	None to 80 cm	None to 80 cm	None to 80 cm	None to 80 cm	None to 80 cm
Impermeable Layer	None to 150 cm	None to 150 cm	None to 150 cm	None to 150 cm	None to 150 cm	None to 150 cm	None to 150 cm	None to 150 cm	None to 150 cm	None to 150 cm	None to 150 cm	None to 150 cm	None to 150 cm	None to 150 cm	None to 150 cm
Soil Water Regime	Wet within 80 cm over 6 months, but not wet within 40 cm for over 11 month	Wet within 80 cm over 6 months, but not wet within 40 cm for over 11 month	Wet within 80 cm for 3 to 6 months, but not wet within 40 cm for over 1 month	Wet within 40 cm depth for over 11 month	Not wet within 80 cm for over 3 months, nor wet within 40 cm for over 1 month	Not wet within 80 cm for over 3 months, nor wet within 40 cm for over 1 month	Not wet within 80 cm for over 3 months, nor wet within 40 cm for over 1 month	Wet within 40 cm depth for over 11 month	Wet within 40 cm depth for over 11 month	Not wet within 80 cm for over 3 months, nor wet within 40 cm for over 1 month	Wet within 40 cm depth for over 11 month	Wet within 80 cm over 6 months, but not wet within 40 cm for over 11 month	Wet within 40 cm depth for over 11 month	Wet within 80 cm over 6 months, but not wet within 40 cm for over 11 month	Wet within 40 cm depth for over 11 month
Topsoil Properties
Gravel	4 %	4 %	5 %	1 %	5 %	3 %	5 %	4 %	28 %	3 %	28 %	2 %	3 %	2 %	28 %
Sand	38 %	43 %	19 %	17 %	47 %	87 %	53 %	37 %	35 %	87 %	35 %	86 %	87 %	86 %	35 %
Silt	18 %	16 %	32 %	32 %	29 %	9 %	24 %	40 %	33 %	9 %	33 %	10 %	9 %	10 %	33 %
Clay	44 %	41 %	49 %	51 %	24 %	4 %	23 %	23 %	32 %	4 %	32 %	4 %	4 %	4 %	32 %
USDA Texture	Clay	Clay	Clay	Clay	Loam	Loamy sand	Sandy clay loam	Loam	Clay loam	Loamy sand	Clay loam	Loamy sand	Loamy sand	Loamy sand	Clay loam
Reference Bulk Density	1.29 g/cm³	1.31 g/cm³	1.24 g/cm³	1.22 g/cm³	1.39 g/cm³	1.73 g/cm³	1.41 g/cm³	1.38 g/cm³	1.32 g/cm³	1.73 g/cm³	1.32 g/cm³	1.73 g/cm³	1.73 g/cm³	1.73 g/cm³	1.32 g/cm³
Bulk Density	1.28 g/cm³	1.3 g/cm³	1.28 g/cm³	1.25 g/cm³	1.54 g/cm³	1.4 g/cm³	1.53 g/cm³	1.35 g/cm³	0.28 g/cm³	1.4 g/cm³	0.28 g/cm³	1.31 g/cm³	1.4 g/cm³	1.31 g/cm³	0.28 g/cm³
Organic Carbon	0.98 %	0.84 %	0.87 %	1.25 %	0.83 %	2.18 %	0.51 %	1.07 %	39.4 %	2.18 %	39.4 %	1.97 %	2.18 %	1.97 %	39.4 %
PH	6.3	7	7.8	5.8	6.3	4.4	7.7	6.2	5.6	4.4	5.6	4.4	4.4	4.4	5.6
Clay Cation Exchange Capacity	37 cmol kg⁻¹	57 cmol kg⁻¹	57 cmol kg⁻¹	37 cmol kg⁻¹	46 cmol kg⁻¹	101 cmol kg⁻¹	55 cmol kg⁻¹	41 cmol kg⁻¹	45 cmol kg⁻¹	101 cmol kg⁻¹	45 cmol kg⁻¹	52 cmol kg⁻¹	101 cmol kg⁻¹	52 cmol kg⁻¹	45 cmol kg⁻¹
Soil Cation Exchange Capacity	20 cmol kg⁻¹	24 cmol kg⁻¹	30 cmol kg⁻¹	25 cmol kg⁻¹	16 cmol kg⁻¹	9 cmol kg⁻¹	14 cmol kg⁻¹	13 cmol kg⁻¹	87 cmol kg⁻¹	9 cmol kg⁻¹	87 cmol kg⁻¹	6 cmol kg⁻¹	9 cmol kg⁻¹	6 cmol kg⁻¹	87 cmol kg⁻¹
Base Saturation	78 %	99 %	100 %	78 %	93 %	11 %	100 %	88 %	75 %	11 %	75 %	18 %	11 %	18 %	75 %
Total Exchangeable Bases	13.2 cmol kg⁻¹	26 cmol kg⁻¹	46.6 cmol kg⁻¹	18.9 cmol kg⁻¹	14.9 cmol kg⁻¹	2.6 cmol kg⁻¹	17.1 cmol kg⁻¹	10.2 cmol kg⁻¹	59.5 cmol kg⁻¹	2.6 cmol kg⁻¹	59.5 cmol kg⁻¹	3.6 cmol kg⁻¹	2.6 cmol kg⁻¹	3.6 cmol kg⁻¹	59.5 cmol kg⁻¹
Calcium Carbonate	0.2 %	1.4 %	4.9 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	7.4 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %
Calcium Sulphate	0 %	0 %	0.1 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %
Exchangeable Sodium	2 %	1 %	1 %	2 %	2 %	1 %	1 %	2 %	1 %	1 %	1 %	1 %	1 %	1 %	1 %
Electrical Conductivity	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.2 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1
Subsoil Properties
Gravel	6 %	8 %	5 %	1 %	6 %	4 %	10 %	5 %	5 %	4 %	5 %	3 %	4 %	3 %	5 %
Sand	35 %	37 %	23 %	19 %	39 %	88 %	47 %	36 %	52 %	88 %	52 %	85 %	88 %	85 %	52 %
Silt	14 %	15 %	35 %	29 %	27 %	8 %	23 %	36 %	23 %	8 %	23 %	10 %	8 %	10 %	23 %
Clay	51 %	48 %	42 %	52 %	34 %	4 %	30 %	28 %	25 %	4 %	25 %	5 %	4 %	5 %	25 %
USDA Texture	Clay	Clay	Clay	Clay	Clay loam	Sand	Sandy clay loam	Clay loam	Sandy clay loam	Sand	Sandy clay loam	Loamy sand	Sand	Loamy sand	Sandy clay loam
Reference Bulk Density	1.26 g/cm³	1.27 g/cm³	1.26 g/cm³	1.23 g/cm³	1.33 g/cm³	1.74 g/cm³	1.36 g/cm³	1.35 g/cm³	1.38 g/cm³	1.74 g/cm³	1.38 g/cm³	1.7 g/cm³	1.74 g/cm³	1.7 g/cm³	1.38 g/cm³
Bulk Density	1.35 g/cm³	1.32 g/cm³	1.35 g/cm³	1.35 g/cm³	1.65 g/cm³	1.51 g/cm³	1.67 g/cm³	1.5 g/cm³	0.18 g/cm³	1.51 g/cm³	0.18 g/cm³	1.54 g/cm³	1.51 g/cm³	1.54 g/cm³	0.18 g/cm³
Organic Carbon	0.47 %	0.55 %	0.39 %	0.45 %	0.28 %	0.39 %	0.3 %	0.37 %	38.46 %	0.39 %	38.46 %	0.91 %	0.39 %	0.91 %	38.46 %
PH	7.2	7	8.1	6	7	5	7.9	6.6	5.8	5	5.8	4.9	5	4.9	5.8
Clay Cation Exchange Capacity	35 cmol kg⁻¹	51 cmol kg⁻¹	58 cmol kg⁻¹	40 cmol kg⁻¹	44 cmol kg⁻¹	66 cmol kg⁻¹	50 cmol kg⁻¹	42 cmol kg⁻¹	49 cmol kg⁻¹	66 cmol kg⁻¹	49 cmol kg⁻¹	44 cmol kg⁻¹	66 cmol kg⁻¹	44 cmol kg⁻¹	49 cmol kg⁻¹
Soil Cation Exchange Capacity	24 cmol kg⁻¹	27 cmol kg⁻¹	26 cmol kg⁻¹	23 cmol kg⁻¹	16 cmol kg⁻¹	2 cmol kg⁻¹	17 cmol kg⁻¹	13 cmol kg⁻¹	88 cmol kg⁻¹	2 cmol kg⁻¹	88 cmol kg⁻¹	3 cmol kg⁻¹	2 cmol kg⁻¹	3 cmol kg⁻¹	88 cmol kg⁻¹
Base Saturation	94 %	99 %	100 %	84 %	99 %	21 %	100 %	90 %	96 %	21 %	96 %	21 %	21 %	21 %	96 %
Total Exchangeable Bases	20.8 cmol kg⁻¹	31.3 cmol kg⁻¹	44.8 cmol kg⁻¹	17 cmol kg⁻¹	15.9 cmol kg⁻¹	1.5 cmol kg⁻¹	23.1 cmol kg⁻¹	11.9 cmol kg⁻¹	81.8 cmol kg⁻¹	1.5 cmol kg⁻¹	81.8 cmol kg⁻¹	1.7 cmol kg⁻¹	1.5 cmol kg⁻¹	1.7 cmol kg⁻¹	81.8 cmol kg⁻¹
Calcium Carbonate	4.4 %	0 %	11.2 %	0 %	0.4 %	0 %	9.1 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %
Calcium Sulphate	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %
Exchangeable Sodium	2 %	2 %	2 %	3 %	2 %	3 %	2 %	2 %	1 %	3 %	1 %	3 %	3 %	3 %	1 %
Electrical Conductivity	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.2 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.2 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1

Soil data provided by FAO/IIASA/ISRIC/ISSCAS/JRC, 2012. Harmonized World Soil Database (version 1.2). FAO, Rome, Italy and IIASA, Laxenburg, Austria.

Köppen climate classification provided by Kottek, M., J. Grieser, C. Beck, B. Rudolf, and F. Rubel, 2006: World Map of Köppen-Geiger Climate Classification updated. Meteorol. Z., 15, 259-263