Lümandu

Location:Estonia
Area:263 acres (106 hectares)
Species:All  Endangered  Invasive
Climate:View Climate Data
Köppen climate classification:Dfb (Climate: snow; Precipitation: fully humid; Temperature: warm summer)
Natura 2000 Data Sheet:View Data Sheet  Explanatory notes

Ecoregions

Sarmatic mixed forests

Soils

Protected Area Boundary
 A
  
Share45 %40 %15 %
Soil TypeCalcaric RegosolsEutric GleysolsRendzic Leptosols
Topsoil TextureMediumMediumMedium
Reference Depth100 cm100 cm30 cm
DrainageModerately wellPoorImperfectly
Available Water Capacity50 m125 m15 mm
Phase 1PetrocalcicStonyPetrocalcic
Phase 2Stony Stony
Root ObstacleNone to 80 cmNone to 80 cm 
Impermeable Layer80 - 150 cmNone to 150 cm 
Soil Water RegimeWet within 80 cm for 3 to 6 months, but not wet within 40 cm for over 1 monthWet within 40 cm depth for over 11 month 
Topsoil Properties
Gravel14 %4 %16 %
Sand44 %37 %37 %
Silt35 %40 %44 %
Clay21 %23 %19 %
USDA TextureLoamLoamLoam
Reference Bulk Density1.41 g/cm³1.38 g/cm³1.41 g/cm³
Bulk Density1.37 g/cm³1.35 g/cm³1.24 g/cm³
Organic Carbon0.75 %1.07 %2.13 %
PH86.27.5
Clay Cation Exchange Capacity45 cmol kg⁻¹41 cmol kg⁻¹80 cmol kg⁻¹
Soil Cation Exchange Capacity17 cmol kg⁻¹13 cmol kg⁻¹27 cmol kg⁻¹
Base Saturation100 %88 %100 %
Total Exchangeable Bases26.8 cmol kg⁻¹10.2 cmol kg⁻¹28.8 cmol kg⁻¹
Calcium Carbonate15 %0 %6 %
Calcium Sulphate0 %0 %0 %
Exchangeable Sodium2 %2 %2 %
Electrical Conductivity0.2 dS m-10.1 dS m-10.1 dS m-1
Subsoil Properties
Gravel18 %5 % 
Sand40 %36 % 
Silt35 %36 % 
Clay25 %28 % 
USDA TextureLoamClay loam 
Reference Bulk Density1.37 g/cm³1.35 g/cm³ 
Bulk Density1.5 g/cm³1.5 g/cm³ 
Organic Carbon0.47 %0.37 % 
PH8.16.6 
Clay Cation Exchange Capacity52 cmol kg⁻¹42 cmol kg⁻¹ 
Soil Cation Exchange Capacity15 cmol kg⁻¹13 cmol kg⁻¹ 
Base Saturation100 %90 % 
Total Exchangeable Bases36.5 cmol kg⁻¹11.9 cmol kg⁻¹ 
Calcium Carbonate15 %0 % 
Calcium Sulphate0 %0 % 
Exchangeable Sodium2 %2 % 
Electrical Conductivity0.3 dS m-10.1 dS m-1 
Soil data provided by FAO/IIASA/ISRIC/ISSCAS/JRC, 2012. Harmonized World Soil Database (version 1.2). FAO, Rome, Italy and IIASA, Laxenburg, Austria.
Köppen climate classification provided by Kottek, M., J. Grieser, C. Beck, B. Rudolf, and F. Rubel, 2006: World Map of Köppen-Geiger Climate Classification updated. Meteorol. Z., 15, 259-263