World Species : Protected Area : Bach Ma National Park

Bach Ma National Park

Location:	Viet Nam
IUCN Category:	II
Area:	54,733 acres (22,150 hectares)
Species:	All Endangered Invasive
Website:	View website
Climate:	View Climate Data
Land Use:	View Land Use Data
Köppen climate classification:	Am (Climate: equatorial; Precipitation: monsoonal)

Ecoregions

Northern Vietnam lowland rain forests
Southern Annamites montane rain forests

Soils

— Protected Area Boundary

	A						B					C

Share	20 %	20 %	20 %	20 %	10 %	10 %	35 %	35 %	10 %	10 %	10 %	70 %	10 %	10 %	10 %
Soil Type	Ferric Acrisols	Ferric Acrisols	Ferralic Cambisols	Orthic Acrisols	Luvic Arenosols	Gleyic Acrisols	Orthic Acrisols	Orthic Acrisols	Lithosols	Dystric Cambisols	Humic Acrisols	Dystric Gleysols	Eutric Fluvisols	Mollic Gleysols	Humic Gleysols
Topsoil Texture	Coarse	Medium	Medium	Medium	Coarse	Medium	Medium	Fine	Medium	Medium	Medium	Fine	Medium	Medium	Medium
Reference Depth	100 cm	100 cm	100 cm	100 cm	100 cm	100 cm	100 cm	100 cm	10 cm	100 cm	100 cm	100 cm	100 cm	100 cm	100 cm
Drainage	Moderately well	Moderately well	Moderately well	Moderately well	Somewhat excessive	Poor	Imperfectly	Imperfectly	Imperfectly	Moderately well	Moderately well	Very poor	Poor	Poor	Poor
Available Water Capacity	150 m	150 m	150 m	150 m	100 m	150 m	50 m	50 m	15 mm	150 m	150 m	150 m	150 m	150 m	150 m
Phase 1							Lithic	Lithic
Topsoil Properties
Gravel	4 %	23 %	1 %	10 %	4 %	9 %	10 %	4 %	26 %	10 %	5 %	7 %	4 %	4 %	4 %
Sand	78 %	53 %	52 %	49 %	90 %	34 %	49 %	29 %	43 %	41 %	46 %	16 %	39 %	38 %	33 %
Silt	12 %	22 %	25 %	27 %	5 %	43 %	27 %	25 %	34 %	39 %	30 %	29 %	41 %	40 %	45 %
Clay	10 %	25 %	23 %	24 %	5 %	23 %	24 %	46 %	23 %	20 %	24 %	55 %	20 %	22 %	22 %
USDA Texture	Sandy loam	Sandy clay loam	Sandy clay loam	Sandy clay loam	Sand	Loam	Sandy clay loam	Clay	Loam	Loam	Loam	Clay	Loam	Loam	Loam
Reference Bulk Density	1.58 g/cm³	1.4 g/cm³	1.41 g/cm³	1.4 g/cm³	1.71 g/cm³	1.38 g/cm³	1.4 g/cm³	1.26 g/cm³	1.39 g/cm³	1.41 g/cm³	1.39 g/cm³	1.21 g/cm³	1.41 g/cm³	1.39 g/cm³	1.38 g/cm³
Bulk Density	1.52 g/cm³	1.4 g/cm³	1.31 g/cm³	1.4 g/cm³	1.5 g/cm³	1.39 g/cm³	1.4 g/cm³	1.27 g/cm³	1.3 g/cm³	1.3 g/cm³	1.3 g/cm³	1.04 g/cm³	1.36 g/cm³	1.28 g/cm³	1.2 g/cm³
Organic Carbon	0.61 %	0.98 %	0.95 %	1 %	0.35 %	0.83 %	1 %	1.07 %	1.4 %	1.45 %	1.73 %	1.65 %	0.9 %	1.74 %	3.71 %
PH	6.2	5.1	4.7	4.6	5.7	4.9	4.6	4.6	7.6	5.1	5	4.7	7.3	6.5	5.5
Clay Cation Exchange Capacity	28 cmol kg⁻¹	14 cmol kg⁻¹	16 cmol kg⁻¹	16 cmol kg⁻¹	32 cmol kg⁻¹	18 cmol kg⁻¹	16 cmol kg⁻¹	13 cmol kg⁻¹	42 cmol kg⁻¹	30 cmol kg⁻¹	19 cmol kg⁻¹	31 cmol kg⁻¹	62 cmol kg⁻¹	45 cmol kg⁻¹	33 cmol kg⁻¹
Soil Cation Exchange Capacity	4 cmol kg⁻¹	6 cmol kg⁻¹	6 cmol kg⁻¹	7 cmol kg⁻¹	2 cmol kg⁻¹	7 cmol kg⁻¹	7 cmol kg⁻¹	11 cmol kg⁻¹	15 cmol kg⁻¹	12 cmol kg⁻¹	9 cmol kg⁻¹	24 cmol kg⁻¹	16 cmol kg⁻¹	17 cmol kg⁻¹	18 cmol kg⁻¹
Base Saturation	72 %	49 %	39 %	44 %	80 %	30 %	44 %	38 %	100 %	37 %	27 %	49 %	91 %	87 %	34 %
Total Exchangeable Bases	3.7 cmol kg⁻¹	2.7 cmol kg⁻¹	2.6 cmol kg⁻¹	3.5 cmol kg⁻¹	1.9 cmol kg⁻¹	1.9 cmol kg⁻¹	3.5 cmol kg⁻¹	5.7 cmol kg⁻¹	15.6 cmol kg⁻¹	4.1 cmol kg⁻¹	2.5 cmol kg⁻¹	18 cmol kg⁻¹	16.4 cmol kg⁻¹	9.9 cmol kg⁻¹	3.1 cmol kg⁻¹
Calcium Carbonate	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	3.9 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	1 %	0 %	0 %
Calcium Sulphate	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %
Exchangeable Sodium	3 %	2 %	2 %	1 %	3 %	2 %	1 %	1 %	4 %	1 %	1 %	1 %	2 %	2 %	2 %
Electrical Conductivity	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1
Subsoil Properties
Gravel	10 %	19 %	5 %	10 %	4 %	7 %	10 %	4 %		20 %	7 %	1 %	8 %	3 %	5 %
Sand	65 %	41 %	48 %	40 %	87 %	28 %	40 %	23 %		45 %	41 %	18 %	41 %	37 %	37 %
Silt	12 %	20 %	24 %	24 %	5 %	38 %	24 %	22 %		35 %	26 %	24 %	38 %	35 %	35 %
Clay	23 %	39 %	28 %	36 %	8 %	34 %	36 %	55 %		20 %	33 %	58 %	21 %	28 %	28 %
USDA Texture	Sandy clay loam	Clay loam	Sandy clay loam	Clay loam	Loamy sand	Clay loam	Clay loam	Clay		Loam	Clay loam	Clay	Loam	Clay loam	Clay loam
Reference Bulk Density	1.43 g/cm³	1.31 g/cm³	1.37 g/cm³	1.32 g/cm³	1.63 g/cm³	1.31 g/cm³	1.32 g/cm³	1.23 g/cm³		1.42 g/cm³	1.34 g/cm³	1.21 g/cm³	1.4 g/cm³	1.35 g/cm³	1.35 g/cm³
Bulk Density	1.52 g/cm³	1.4 g/cm³	1.3 g/cm³	1.4 g/cm³	1.5 g/cm³	1.48 g/cm³	1.4 g/cm³	1.27 g/cm³		1.37 g/cm³	1.35 g/cm³	1.17 g/cm³	1.39 g/cm³	1.36 g/cm³	1.46 g/cm³
Organic Carbon	0.3 %	0.39 %	0.35 %	0.42 %	0.2 %	0.3 %	0.42 %	0.46 %		0.5 %	0.77 %	0.77 %	0.4 %	0.67 %	0.69 %
PH	5.7	5	4.9	4.8	5.6	4.7	4.8	4.9		5.2	5.2	4.6	7.5	7	5.6
Clay Cation Exchange Capacity	16 cmol kg⁻¹	12 cmol kg⁻¹	12 cmol kg⁻¹	14 cmol kg⁻¹	24 cmol kg⁻¹	22 cmol kg⁻¹	14 cmol kg⁻¹	12 cmol kg⁻¹		36 cmol kg⁻¹	15 cmol kg⁻¹	36 cmol kg⁻¹	58 cmol kg⁻¹	44 cmol kg⁻¹	41 cmol kg⁻¹
Soil Cation Exchange Capacity	5 cmol kg⁻¹	6 cmol kg⁻¹	5 cmol kg⁻¹	6 cmol kg⁻¹	2 cmol kg⁻¹	12 cmol kg⁻¹	6 cmol kg⁻¹	9 cmol kg⁻¹		9 cmol kg⁻¹	7 cmol kg⁻¹	21 cmol kg⁻¹	14 cmol kg⁻¹	14 cmol kg⁻¹	11 cmol kg⁻¹
Base Saturation	46 %	33 %	57 %	32 %	76 %	20 %	32 %	23 %		33 %	21 %	46 %	97 %	94 %	62 %
Total Exchangeable Bases	2.8 cmol kg⁻¹	1.3 cmol kg⁻¹	3.7 cmol kg⁻¹	2.3 cmol kg⁻¹	2.1 cmol kg⁻¹	2 cmol kg⁻¹	2.3 cmol kg⁻¹	2.7 cmol kg⁻¹		2.6 cmol kg⁻¹	3 cmol kg⁻¹	17.1 cmol kg⁻¹	15.1 cmol kg⁻¹	11 cmol kg⁻¹	9 cmol kg⁻¹
Calcium Carbonate	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %		0 %	0 %	0 %	3.9 %	0.4 %	0 %
Calcium Sulphate	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %		0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %
Exchangeable Sodium	2 %	2 %	2 %	2 %	3 %	1 %	2 %	1 %		1 %	1 %	1 %	3 %	1 %	4 %
Electrical Conductivity	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1		0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1

Soil data provided by FAO/IIASA/ISRIC/ISSCAS/JRC, 2012. Harmonized World Soil Database (version 1.2). FAO, Rome, Italy and IIASA, Laxenburg, Austria.

Köppen climate classification provided by Kottek, M., J. Grieser, C. Beck, B. Rudolf, and F. Rubel, 2006: World Map of Köppen-Geiger Climate Classification updated. Meteorol. Z., 15, 259-263