World Species : Protected Area : Berkovitsa

Berkovitsa

Location:	Bulgaria
Area:	6,919 acres (2,800 hectares)
Species:	All Endangered Invasive
Climate:	View Climate Data
Land Use:	View Land Use Data
Köppen climate classification:	Cfb (Climate: warm temperate; Precipitation: fully humid; Temperature: warm summer)
Natura 2000 Data Sheet:	View Data Sheet Explanatory notes

Ecoregions

Balkan mixed forests
Rodope montane mixed forests

Soils

— Protected Area Boundary

	A				B				C					D

Share	40 %	30 %	25 %	5 %	40 %	30 %	25 %	5 %	50 %	30 %	10 %	5 %	5 %	60 %	20 %	10 %	5 %	5 %
Soil Type	Chromic Luvisols	Haplic Luvisols	Eutric Regosols	Calcaric Regosols	Eutric Planosols	Dystric Planosols	Chromic Luvisols	Eutric Regosols	Calcaric Fluvisols	Eutric Fluvisols	Gleyic Phaeozems	Mollic Gleysols	Terric Histosols	Haplic Luvisols	Rendzic Leptosols	Lithic Leptosols	Lithic Leptosols	Eutric Regosols
Topsoil Texture	Medium	Medium	Medium	Medium	Medium	Medium	Medium	Medium	Medium	Medium	Medium	Medium	Medium	Medium	Medium	Medium	Medium	Medium
Reference Depth	100 cm	100 cm	100 cm	100 cm	100 cm	100 cm	100 cm	100 cm	100 cm	100 cm	100 cm	100 cm	100 cm	100 cm	30 cm	10 cm	10 cm	100 cm
Drainage	Moderately well	Moderately well	Moderately well	Moderately well	Poor	Poor	Moderately well	Moderately well	Poor	Poor	Poor	Poor	Very poor	Moderately well	Imperfectly	Imperfectly	Imperfectly	Moderately well
Available Water Capacity	150 m	150 m	150 m	150 m	150 m	150 m	150 m	150 m	150 m	150 m	150 m	150 m	150 m	100 m	15 mm	15 mm	15 mm	100 m
Phase 1														Stony	Stony	Stony	Stony	Stony
Root Obstacle	None to 80 cm	None to 80 cm	None to 80 cm	None to 80 cm	None to 80 cm	None to 80 cm	None to 80 cm	None to 80 cm	None to 80 cm	None to 80 cm	None to 80 cm	None to 80 cm		None to 80 cm				None to 80 cm
Impermeable Layer	None to 150 cm	None to 150 cm	None to 150 cm	None to 150 cm	None to 150 cm	None to 150 cm	None to 150 cm	None to 150 cm	None to 150 cm	None to 150 cm	None to 150 cm	None to 150 cm		None to 150 cm				None to 150 cm
Soil Water Regime	Not wet within 80 cm for over 3 months, nor wet within 40 cm for over 1 month	Not wet within 80 cm for over 3 months, nor wet within 40 cm for over 1 month	Not wet within 80 cm for over 3 months, nor wet within 40 cm for over 1 month	Not wet within 80 cm for over 3 months, nor wet within 40 cm for over 1 month	Wet within 40 cm depth for over 11 month	Wet within 40 cm depth for over 11 month	Not wet within 80 cm for over 3 months, nor wet within 40 cm for over 1 month	Not wet within 80 cm for over 3 months, nor wet within 40 cm for over 1 month	Not wet within 80 cm for over 3 months, nor wet within 40 cm for over 1 month	Not wet within 80 cm for over 3 months, nor wet within 40 cm for over 1 month	Not wet within 80 cm for over 3 months, nor wet within 40 cm for over 1 month	Not wet within 80 cm for over 3 months, nor wet within 40 cm for over 1 month		Not wet within 80 cm for over 3 months, nor wet within 40 cm for over 1 month				Not wet within 80 cm for over 3 months, nor wet within 40 cm for over 1 month
Topsoil Properties
Gravel	12 %	4 %	25 %	14 %	4 %	4 %	12 %	25 %	15 %	4 %	3 %	4 %	28 %	4 %	16 %	21 %	21 %	25 %
Sand	48 %	41 %	47 %	44 %	42 %	42 %	48 %	47 %	34 %	39 %	35 %	39 %	35 %	41 %	37 %	42 %	42 %	47 %
Silt	28 %	37 %	34 %	35 %	38 %	38 %	28 %	34 %	48 %	40 %	42 %	39 %	33 %	37 %	44 %	34 %	34 %	34 %
Clay	24 %	22 %	19 %	21 %	20 %	20 %	24 %	19 %	18 %	21 %	23 %	22 %	32 %	22 %	19 %	24 %	24 %	19 %
USDA Texture	Loam	Loam	Loam	Loam	Loam	Loam	Loam	Loam	Loam	Loam	Loam	Loam	Clay loam	Loam	Loam	Loam	Loam	Loam
Reference Bulk Density	1.4 g/cm³	1.4 g/cm³	1.43 g/cm³	1.41 g/cm³	1.41 g/cm³	1.41 g/cm³	1.4 g/cm³	1.43 g/cm³	1.41 g/cm³	1.4 g/cm³	1.38 g/cm³	1.39 g/cm³	1.32 g/cm³	1.4 g/cm³	1.41 g/cm³	1.38 g/cm³	1.38 g/cm³	1.43 g/cm³
Bulk Density	1.53 g/cm³	1.43 g/cm³	1.21 g/cm³	1.37 g/cm³	1.47 g/cm³	1.38 g/cm³	1.53 g/cm³	1.21 g/cm³	1.39 g/cm³	1.36 g/cm³	1.38 g/cm³	1.28 g/cm³	0.28 g/cm³	1.43 g/cm³	1.24 g/cm³	1.3 g/cm³	1.3 g/cm³	1.21 g/cm³
Organic Carbon	0.83 %	0.74 %	0.98 %	0.75 %	1.06 %	1.14 %	0.83 %	0.98 %	0.6 %	0.86 %	1.26 %	1.65 %	39.4 %	0.74 %	2.13 %	1.61 %	1.61 %	0.98 %
PH	6.3	6.5	6.4	8	5.6	4.5	6.3	6.4	8	7.2	5.7	6.6	5.6	6.5	7.5	7.5	7.5	6.4
Clay Cation Exchange Capacity	39 cmol kg⁻¹	47 cmol kg⁻¹	40 cmol kg⁻¹	45 cmol kg⁻¹	37 cmol kg⁻¹	25 cmol kg⁻¹	39 cmol kg⁻¹	40 cmol kg⁻¹	68 cmol kg⁻¹	63 cmol kg⁻¹	51 cmol kg⁻¹	45 cmol kg⁻¹	45 cmol kg⁻¹	47 cmol kg⁻¹	80 cmol kg⁻¹	42 cmol kg⁻¹	42 cmol kg⁻¹	40 cmol kg⁻¹
Soil Cation Exchange Capacity	12 cmol kg⁻¹	13 cmol kg⁻¹	12 cmol kg⁻¹	17 cmol kg⁻¹	11 cmol kg⁻¹	7 cmol kg⁻¹	12 cmol kg⁻¹	12 cmol kg⁻¹	14 cmol kg⁻¹	16 cmol kg⁻¹	16 cmol kg⁻¹	17 cmol kg⁻¹	87 cmol kg⁻¹	13 cmol kg⁻¹	27 cmol kg⁻¹	16 cmol kg⁻¹	16 cmol kg⁻¹	12 cmol kg⁻¹
Base Saturation	88 %	91 %	78 %	100 %	67 %	40 %	88 %	78 %	100 %	91 %	84 %	87 %	75 %	91 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	78 %
Total Exchangeable Bases	10 cmol kg⁻¹	11 cmol kg⁻¹	14 cmol kg⁻¹	26.8 cmol kg⁻¹	8.4 cmol kg⁻¹	2.2 cmol kg⁻¹	10 cmol kg⁻¹	14 cmol kg⁻¹	19.8 cmol kg⁻¹	16.9 cmol kg⁻¹	13.8 cmol kg⁻¹	9.8 cmol kg⁻¹	59.5 cmol kg⁻¹	11 cmol kg⁻¹	28.8 cmol kg⁻¹	15.5 cmol kg⁻¹	15.5 cmol kg⁻¹	14 cmol kg⁻¹
Calcium Carbonate	0 %	0 %	0 %	15 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	11.7 %	0.5 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	6 %	3.9 %	3.9 %	0 %
Calcium Sulphate	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0.2 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %
Exchangeable Sodium	1 %	1 %	1 %	2 %	3 %	2 %	1 %	1 %	3 %	2 %	2 %	2 %	1 %	1 %	2 %	3 %	3 %	1 %
Electrical Conductivity	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.2 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.7 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1
Subsoil Properties
Gravel	8 %	3 %	28 %	18 %	4 %	4 %	8 %	28 %	10 %	7 %	5 %	3 %	5 %	3 %				28 %
Sand	41 %	37 %	51 %	40 %	33 %	28 %	41 %	51 %	36 %	41 %	29 %	37 %	52 %	37 %				51 %
Silt	25 %	34 %	31 %	35 %	31 %	29 %	25 %	31 %	46 %	38 %	38 %	35 %	23 %	34 %				31 %
Clay	34 %	29 %	18 %	25 %	36 %	43 %	34 %	18 %	18 %	21 %	33 %	28 %	25 %	29 %				18 %
USDA Texture	Clay loam	Clay loam	Loam	Loam	Clay loam	Clay	Clay loam	Loam	Loam	Loam	Clay loam	Clay loam	Sandy clay loam	Clay loam				Loam
Reference Bulk Density	1.33 g/cm³	1.35 g/cm³	1.44 g/cm³	1.37 g/cm³	1.3 g/cm³	1.27 g/cm³	1.33 g/cm³	1.44 g/cm³	1.41 g/cm³	1.4 g/cm³	1.31 g/cm³	1.35 g/cm³	1.38 g/cm³	1.35 g/cm³				1.44 g/cm³
Bulk Density	1.51 g/cm³	1.51 g/cm³	1.45 g/cm³	1.5 g/cm³	1.4 g/cm³	1.41 g/cm³	1.51 g/cm³	1.45 g/cm³	1.41 g/cm³	1.39 g/cm³	1.44 g/cm³	1.35 g/cm³	0.18 g/cm³	1.51 g/cm³				1.45 g/cm³
Organic Carbon	0.4 %	0.36 %	0.4 %	0.47 %	0.43 %	0.37 %	0.4 %	0.4 %	0.4 %	0.38 %	0.5 %	0.69 %	38.46 %	0.36 %				0.4 %
PH	6.4	6.7	6.9	8.1	6.3	4.8	6.4	6.9	8.1	7.5	6.9	7.2	5.8	6.7				6.9
Clay Cation Exchange Capacity	41 cmol kg⁻¹	50 cmol kg⁻¹	56 cmol kg⁻¹	52 cmol kg⁻¹	47 cmol kg⁻¹	26 cmol kg⁻¹	41 cmol kg⁻¹	56 cmol kg⁻¹	84 cmol kg⁻¹	61 cmol kg⁻¹	62 cmol kg⁻¹	44 cmol kg⁻¹	49 cmol kg⁻¹	50 cmol kg⁻¹				56 cmol kg⁻¹
Soil Cation Exchange Capacity	15 cmol kg⁻¹	14 cmol kg⁻¹	11 cmol kg⁻¹	15 cmol kg⁻¹	17 cmol kg⁻¹	10 cmol kg⁻¹	15 cmol kg⁻¹	11 cmol kg⁻¹	13 cmol kg⁻¹	14 cmol kg⁻¹	23 cmol kg⁻¹	15 cmol kg⁻¹	88 cmol kg⁻¹	14 cmol kg⁻¹				11 cmol kg⁻¹
Base Saturation	90 %	93 %	89 %	100 %	89 %	57 %	90 %	89 %	100 %	96 %	90 %	88 %	96 %	93 %				89 %
Total Exchangeable Bases	12 cmol kg⁻¹	13.1 cmol kg⁻¹	10.3 cmol kg⁻¹	36.5 cmol kg⁻¹	15.2 cmol kg⁻¹	11.4 cmol kg⁻¹	12 cmol kg⁻¹	10.3 cmol kg⁻¹	20.7 cmol kg⁻¹	15.2 cmol kg⁻¹	22.3 cmol kg⁻¹	10.7 cmol kg⁻¹	81.8 cmol kg⁻¹	13.1 cmol kg⁻¹				10.3 cmol kg⁻¹
Calcium Carbonate	0 %	0 %	0 %	15 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	12.2 %	2.5 %	2.2 %	4 %	0 %	0 %				0 %
Calcium Sulphate	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0.2 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %				0 %
Exchangeable Sodium	1 %	1 %	2 %	2 %	4 %	7 %	1 %	2 %	3 %	3 %	2 %	1 %	1 %	1 %				2 %
Electrical Conductivity	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.3 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.5 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1				0.1 dS m-1

Soil data provided by FAO/IIASA/ISRIC/ISSCAS/JRC, 2012. Harmonized World Soil Database (version 1.2). FAO, Rome, Italy and IIASA, Laxenburg, Austria.

Köppen climate classification provided by Kottek, M., J. Grieser, C. Beck, B. Rudolf, and F. Rubel, 2006: World Map of Köppen-Geiger Climate Classification updated. Meteorol. Z., 15, 259-263