World Species : Protected Area : Ludogorie

Ludogorie

Location:	Bulgaria
Area:	225,827 acres (91,389 hectares)
Species:	All Endangered Invasive
Climate:	View Climate Data
Land Use:	View Land Use Data
Köppen climate classification:	Cfa (Climate: warm temperate; Precipitation: fully humid; Temperature: hot summer)
Natura 2000 Data Sheet:	View Data Sheet Explanatory notes

Ecoregions

Balkan mixed forests

Soils

— Protected Area Boundary

	A					B				C

Share	75 %	10 %	5 %	5 %	5 %	75 %	10 %	10 %	5 %	70 %	15 %	10 %	5 %
Soil Type	Haplic Chernozems	Calcic Chernozems	Calcaric Regosols	Haplic Chernozems	Eutric Regosols	Luvic Phaeozems	Calcaric Regosols	Eutric Regosols	Luvic Chernozems	Haplic Luvisols	Eutric Regosols	Calcaric Regosols	Lithic Leptosols
Topsoil Texture	Fine	Medium	Medium	Fine	Medium	Medium	Medium	Medium	Fine	Medium	Medium	Medium	Medium
Reference Depth	100 cm	100 cm	100 cm	100 cm	100 cm	100 cm	100 cm	100 cm	100 cm	100 cm	100 cm	100 cm	10 cm
Drainage	Moderately well	Moderately well	Moderately well	Moderately well	Moderately well	Moderately well	Moderately well	Moderately well	Moderately well	Moderately well	Moderately well	Moderately well	Imperfectly
Available Water Capacity	150 m	150 m	150 m	150 m	150 m	150 m	150 m	150 m	150 m	150 m	150 m	150 m	15 mm
Root Obstacle	None to 80 cm	None to 80 cm	None to 80 cm	None to 80 cm	None to 80 cm	None to 80 cm	None to 80 cm	None to 80 cm	None to 80 cm	None to 80 cm	None to 80 cm	None to 80 cm
Impermeable Layer	None to 150 cm	None to 150 cm	None to 150 cm	None to 150 cm	None to 150 cm	None to 150 cm	None to 150 cm	None to 150 cm	None to 150 cm	None to 150 cm	None to 150 cm	None to 150 cm
Soil Water Regime	Not wet within 80 cm for over 3 months, nor wet within 40 cm for over 1 month	Not wet within 80 cm for over 3 months, nor wet within 40 cm for over 1 month	Not wet within 80 cm for over 3 months, nor wet within 40 cm for over 1 month	Not wet within 80 cm for over 3 months, nor wet within 40 cm for over 1 month	Not wet within 80 cm for over 3 months, nor wet within 40 cm for over 1 month	Not wet within 80 cm for over 3 months, nor wet within 40 cm for over 1 month	Not wet within 80 cm for over 3 months, nor wet within 40 cm for over 1 month	Not wet within 80 cm for over 3 months, nor wet within 40 cm for over 1 month	Not wet within 80 cm for over 3 months, nor wet within 40 cm for over 1 month	Not wet within 80 cm for over 3 months, nor wet within 40 cm for over 1 month	Not wet within 80 cm for over 3 months, nor wet within 40 cm for over 1 month	Not wet within 80 cm for over 3 months, nor wet within 40 cm for over 1 month
Topsoil Properties
Gravel	4 %	4 %	14 %	4 %	25 %	4 %	14 %	25 %	4 %	4 %	25 %	14 %	21 %
Sand	12 %	28 %	44 %	12 %	47 %	35 %	44 %	47 %	19 %	41 %	47 %	44 %	42 %
Silt	46 %	47 %	35 %	46 %	34 %	40 %	35 %	34 %	37 %	37 %	34 %	35 %	34 %
Clay	42 %	25 %	21 %	42 %	19 %	25 %	21 %	19 %	44 %	22 %	19 %	21 %	24 %
USDA Texture	Silty clay	Loam	Loam	Silty clay	Loam	Loam	Loam	Loam	Clay	Loam	Loam	Loam	Loam
Reference Bulk Density	1.24 g/cm³	1.35 g/cm³	1.41 g/cm³	1.24 g/cm³	1.43 g/cm³	1.36 g/cm³	1.41 g/cm³	1.43 g/cm³	1.25 g/cm³	1.4 g/cm³	1.43 g/cm³	1.41 g/cm³	1.38 g/cm³
Bulk Density	1.18 g/cm³	1.21 g/cm³	1.37 g/cm³	1.18 g/cm³	1.21 g/cm³	1.29 g/cm³	1.37 g/cm³	1.21 g/cm³	1.23 g/cm³	1.43 g/cm³	1.21 g/cm³	1.37 g/cm³	1.3 g/cm³
Organic Carbon	2.62 %	1.65 %	0.75 %	2.62 %	0.98 %	1.68 %	0.75 %	0.98 %	2.44 %	0.74 %	0.98 %	0.75 %	1.61 %
PH	7.1	7.8	8	7.1	6.4	6.2	8	6.4	7.2	6.5	6.4	8	7.5
Clay Cation Exchange Capacity	69 cmol kg⁻¹	64 cmol kg⁻¹	45 cmol kg⁻¹	69 cmol kg⁻¹	40 cmol kg⁻¹	52 cmol kg⁻¹	45 cmol kg⁻¹	40 cmol kg⁻¹	65 cmol kg⁻¹	47 cmol kg⁻¹	40 cmol kg⁻¹	45 cmol kg⁻¹	42 cmol kg⁻¹
Soil Cation Exchange Capacity	41 cmol kg⁻¹	23 cmol kg⁻¹	17 cmol kg⁻¹	41 cmol kg⁻¹	12 cmol kg⁻¹	20 cmol kg⁻¹	17 cmol kg⁻¹	12 cmol kg⁻¹	38 cmol kg⁻¹	13 cmol kg⁻¹	12 cmol kg⁻¹	17 cmol kg⁻¹	16 cmol kg⁻¹
Base Saturation	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	78 %	87 %	100 %	78 %	100 %	91 %	78 %	100 %	100 %
Total Exchangeable Bases	42 cmol kg⁻¹	38 cmol kg⁻¹	26.8 cmol kg⁻¹	42 cmol kg⁻¹	14 cmol kg⁻¹	16.1 cmol kg⁻¹	26.8 cmol kg⁻¹	14 cmol kg⁻¹	42 cmol kg⁻¹	11 cmol kg⁻¹	14 cmol kg⁻¹	26.8 cmol kg⁻¹	15.5 cmol kg⁻¹
Calcium Carbonate	6 %	4.6 %	15 %	6 %	0 %	0 %	15 %	0 %	4.2 %	0 %	0 %	15 %	3.9 %
Calcium Sulphate	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %
Exchangeable Sodium	1 %	1 %	2 %	1 %	1 %	1 %	2 %	1 %	1 %	1 %	1 %	2 %	3 %
Electrical Conductivity	0.2 dS m-1	0.4 dS m-1	0.2 dS m-1	0.2 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.2 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.5 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.2 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1
Subsoil Properties
Gravel	6 %	17 %	18 %	6 %	28 %	5 %	18 %	28 %	6 %	3 %	28 %	18 %
Sand	12 %	28 %	40 %	12 %	51 %	30 %	40 %	51 %	14 %	37 %	51 %	40 %
Silt	48 %	47 %	35 %	48 %	31 %	36 %	35 %	31 %	39 %	34 %	31 %	35 %
Clay	40 %	25 %	25 %	40 %	18 %	34 %	25 %	18 %	47 %	29 %	18 %	25 %
USDA Texture	Silty clay	Loam	Loam	Silty clay	Loam	Clay loam	Loam	Loam	Clay	Clay loam	Loam	Loam
Reference Bulk Density	1.25 g/cm³	1.35 g/cm³	1.37 g/cm³	1.25 g/cm³	1.44 g/cm³	1.31 g/cm³	1.37 g/cm³	1.44 g/cm³	1.23 g/cm³	1.35 g/cm³	1.44 g/cm³	1.37 g/cm³
Bulk Density	1.32 g/cm³	1.3 g/cm³	1.5 g/cm³	1.32 g/cm³	1.45 g/cm³	1.37 g/cm³	1.5 g/cm³	1.45 g/cm³	1.37 g/cm³	1.51 g/cm³	1.45 g/cm³	1.5 g/cm³
Organic Carbon	1.17 %	0.78 %	0.47 %	1.17 %	0.4 %	0.68 %	0.47 %	0.4 %	1.25 %	0.36 %	0.4 %	0.47 %
PH	7.4	8.2	8.1	7.4	6.9	6.9	8.1	6.9	7.3	6.7	6.9	8.1
Clay Cation Exchange Capacity	63 cmol kg⁻¹	81 cmol kg⁻¹	52 cmol kg⁻¹	63 cmol kg⁻¹	56 cmol kg⁻¹	64 cmol kg⁻¹	52 cmol kg⁻¹	56 cmol kg⁻¹	58 cmol kg⁻¹	50 cmol kg⁻¹	56 cmol kg⁻¹	52 cmol kg⁻¹
Soil Cation Exchange Capacity	34 cmol kg⁻¹	24 cmol kg⁻¹	15 cmol kg⁻¹	34 cmol kg⁻¹	11 cmol kg⁻¹	24 cmol kg⁻¹	15 cmol kg⁻¹	11 cmol kg⁻¹	30 cmol kg⁻¹	14 cmol kg⁻¹	11 cmol kg⁻¹	15 cmol kg⁻¹
Base Saturation	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	89 %	92 %	100 %	89 %	100 %	93 %	89 %	100 %
Total Exchangeable Bases	40 cmol kg⁻¹	29.1 cmol kg⁻¹	36.5 cmol kg⁻¹	40 cmol kg⁻¹	10.3 cmol kg⁻¹	23.8 cmol kg⁻¹	36.5 cmol kg⁻¹	10.3 cmol kg⁻¹	40 cmol kg⁻¹	13.1 cmol kg⁻¹	10.3 cmol kg⁻¹	36.5 cmol kg⁻¹
Calcium Carbonate	6 %	13.6 %	15 %	6 %	0 %	0.4 %	15 %	0 %	7.8 %	0 %	0 %	15 %
Calcium Sulphate	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %
Exchangeable Sodium	1 %	2 %	2 %	1 %	2 %	2 %	2 %	2 %	1 %	1 %	2 %	2 %
Electrical Conductivity	0.5 dS m-1	0.4 dS m-1	0.3 dS m-1	0.5 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.3 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.5 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.3 dS m-1

Soil data provided by FAO/IIASA/ISRIC/ISSCAS/JRC, 2012. Harmonized World Soil Database (version 1.2). FAO, Rome, Italy and IIASA, Laxenburg, Austria.

Köppen climate classification provided by Kottek, M., J. Grieser, C. Beck, B. Rudolf, and F. Rubel, 2006: World Map of Köppen-Geiger Climate Classification updated. Meteorol. Z., 15, 259-263