World Species : Protected Area : Besaparski Hills

Besaparski Hills

Location:	Bulgaria
Area:	36,485 acres (14,765 hectares)
Species:	All Endangered Invasive
Climate:	View Climate Data
Land Use:	View Land Use Data
Köppen climate classification:	Cfb (Climate: warm temperate; Precipitation: fully humid; Temperature: warm summer)
Natura 2000 Data Sheet:	View Data Sheet Explanatory notes

Ecoregions

Balkan mixed forests
Rodope montane mixed forests

Soils

— Protected Area Boundary

	A					B			C						D

Share	50 %	30 %	10 %	5 %	5 %	85 %	10 %	5 %	50 %	20 %	10 %	10 %	5 %	5 %	85 %	15 %
Soil Type	Calcaric Fluvisols	Eutric Fluvisols	Gleyic Phaeozems	Mollic Gleysols	Terric Histosols	Rendzic Leptosols	Lithic Leptosols	Chromic Luvisols	Chromic Luvisols	Chromic Luvisols	Umbric Leptosols	Lithic Leptosols	Eutric Regosols	Eutric Cambisols	Lithic Leptosols	Rendzic Leptosols
Topsoil Texture	Medium	Medium	Medium	Medium	Medium	Medium	Medium	Medium	Medium	Medium	Medium	Medium	Medium	Medium	Medium	Medium
Reference Depth	100 cm	100 cm	100 cm	100 cm	100 cm	30 cm	10 cm	100 cm	100 cm	100 cm	30 cm	10 cm	100 cm	100 cm	10 cm	30 cm
Drainage	Poor	Poor	Poor	Poor	Very poor	Imperfectly	Imperfectly	Moderately well	Moderately well	Moderately well	Imperfectly	Imperfectly	Moderately well	Moderately well	Imperfectly	Imperfectly
Available Water Capacity	150 m	150 m	150 m	150 m	150 m	15 mm	0 mm	50 m	100 m	100 m	15 mm	15 mm	100 m	100 m	15 mm	15 mm
Phase 1						Gravelly	Gravelly	Gravelly	Stony	Stony	Stony	Stony	Stony	Stony	Stony	Stony
Phase 2						Stony	Stony
Root Obstacle	None to 80 cm	None to 80 cm	None to 80 cm	None to 80 cm				None to 80 cm	20 - 40 cm	20 - 40 cm			None to 80 cm	None to 80 cm
Impermeable Layer	None to 150 cm	None to 150 cm	None to 150 cm	None to 150 cm				None to 150 cm	None to 150 cm	None to 150 cm			None to 150 cm	None to 150 cm
Soil Water Regime	Not wet within 80 cm for over 3 months, nor wet within 40 cm for over 1 month	Not wet within 80 cm for over 3 months, nor wet within 40 cm for over 1 month	Not wet within 80 cm for over 3 months, nor wet within 40 cm for over 1 month	Not wet within 80 cm for over 3 months, nor wet within 40 cm for over 1 month				Not wet within 80 cm for over 3 months, nor wet within 40 cm for over 1 month	Not wet within 80 cm for over 3 months, nor wet within 40 cm for over 1 month	Not wet within 80 cm for over 3 months, nor wet within 40 cm for over 1 month			Not wet within 80 cm for over 3 months, nor wet within 40 cm for over 1 month	Not wet within 80 cm for over 3 months, nor wet within 40 cm for over 1 month
Topsoil Properties
Gravel	15 %	4 %	3 %	4 %	28 %	16 %	21 %	12 %	12 %	12 %	6 %	21 %	25 %	9 %	21 %	16 %
Sand	34 %	39 %	35 %	39 %	35 %	37 %	42 %	48 %	48 %	48 %	49 %	42 %	47 %	42 %	42 %	37 %
Silt	48 %	40 %	42 %	39 %	33 %	44 %	34 %	28 %	28 %	28 %	31 %	34 %	34 %	36 %	34 %	44 %
Clay	18 %	21 %	23 %	22 %	32 %	19 %	24 %	24 %	24 %	24 %	20 %	24 %	19 %	22 %	24 %	19 %
USDA Texture	Loam	Loam	Loam	Loam	Clay loam	Loam	Loam	Loam	Loam	Loam	Loam	Loam	Loam	Loam	Loam	Loam
Reference Bulk Density	1.41 g/cm³	1.4 g/cm³	1.38 g/cm³	1.39 g/cm³	1.32 g/cm³	1.41 g/cm³	1.38 g/cm³	1.4 g/cm³	1.4 g/cm³	1.4 g/cm³	1.43 g/cm³	1.38 g/cm³	1.43 g/cm³	1.4 g/cm³	1.38 g/cm³	1.41 g/cm³
Bulk Density	1.39 g/cm³	1.36 g/cm³	1.38 g/cm³	1.28 g/cm³	0.28 g/cm³	1.24 g/cm³	1.3 g/cm³	1.53 g/cm³	1.53 g/cm³	1.53 g/cm³	1.1 g/cm³	1.3 g/cm³	1.21 g/cm³	1.37 g/cm³	1.3 g/cm³	1.24 g/cm³
Organic Carbon	0.6 %	0.86 %	1.26 %	1.65 %	39.4 %	2.13 %	1.61 %	0.83 %	0.83 %	0.83 %	2.4 %	1.61 %	0.98 %	1 %	1.61 %	2.13 %
PH	8	7.2	5.7	6.6	5.6	7.5	7.5	6.3	6.3	6.3	5.1	7.5	6.4	6.6	7.5	7.5
Clay Cation Exchange Capacity	68 cmol kg⁻¹	63 cmol kg⁻¹	51 cmol kg⁻¹	45 cmol kg⁻¹	45 cmol kg⁻¹	80 cmol kg⁻¹	42 cmol kg⁻¹	39 cmol kg⁻¹	39 cmol kg⁻¹	39 cmol kg⁻¹	34 cmol kg⁻¹	42 cmol kg⁻¹	40 cmol kg⁻¹	55 cmol kg⁻¹	42 cmol kg⁻¹	80 cmol kg⁻¹
Soil Cation Exchange Capacity	14 cmol kg⁻¹	16 cmol kg⁻¹	16 cmol kg⁻¹	17 cmol kg⁻¹	87 cmol kg⁻¹	27 cmol kg⁻¹	16 cmol kg⁻¹	12 cmol kg⁻¹	12 cmol kg⁻¹	12 cmol kg⁻¹	12 cmol kg⁻¹	16 cmol kg⁻¹	12 cmol kg⁻¹	16 cmol kg⁻¹	16 cmol kg⁻¹	27 cmol kg⁻¹
Base Saturation	100 %	91 %	84 %	87 %	75 %	100 %	100 %	88 %	88 %	88 %	36 %	100 %	78 %	93 %	100 %	100 %
Total Exchangeable Bases	19.8 cmol kg⁻¹	16.9 cmol kg⁻¹	13.8 cmol kg⁻¹	9.8 cmol kg⁻¹	59.5 cmol kg⁻¹	28.8 cmol kg⁻¹	15.5 cmol kg⁻¹	10 cmol kg⁻¹	10 cmol kg⁻¹	10 cmol kg⁻¹	4.7 cmol kg⁻¹	15.5 cmol kg⁻¹	14 cmol kg⁻¹	14 cmol kg⁻¹	15.5 cmol kg⁻¹	28.8 cmol kg⁻¹
Calcium Carbonate	11.7 %	0.5 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	6 %	3.9 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	3.9 %	0 %	0 %	3.9 %	6 %
Calcium Sulphate	0.2 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %
Exchangeable Sodium	3 %	2 %	2 %	2 %	1 %	2 %	3 %	1 %	1 %	1 %	4 %	3 %	1 %	2 %	3 %	2 %
Electrical Conductivity	0.7 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1
Subsoil Properties
Gravel	10 %	7 %	5 %	3 %	5 %			8 %	8 %	8 %			28 %	12 %
Sand	36 %	41 %	29 %	37 %	52 %			41 %	41 %	41 %			51 %	41 %
Silt	46 %	38 %	38 %	35 %	23 %			25 %	25 %	25 %			31 %	34 %
Clay	18 %	21 %	33 %	28 %	25 %			34 %	34 %	34 %			18 %	25 %
USDA Texture	Loam	Loam	Clay loam	Clay loam	Sandy clay loam			Clay loam	Clay loam	Clay loam			Loam	Loam
Reference Bulk Density	1.41 g/cm³	1.4 g/cm³	1.31 g/cm³	1.35 g/cm³	1.38 g/cm³			1.33 g/cm³	1.33 g/cm³	1.33 g/cm³			1.44 g/cm³	1.38 g/cm³
Bulk Density	1.41 g/cm³	1.39 g/cm³	1.44 g/cm³	1.35 g/cm³	0.18 g/cm³			1.51 g/cm³	1.51 g/cm³	1.51 g/cm³			1.45 g/cm³	1.39 g/cm³
Organic Carbon	0.4 %	0.38 %	0.5 %	0.69 %	38.46 %			0.4 %	0.4 %	0.4 %			0.4 %	0.37 %
PH	8.1	7.5	6.9	7.2	5.8			6.4	6.4	6.4			6.9	7
Clay Cation Exchange Capacity	84 cmol kg⁻¹	61 cmol kg⁻¹	62 cmol kg⁻¹	44 cmol kg⁻¹	49 cmol kg⁻¹			41 cmol kg⁻¹	41 cmol kg⁻¹	41 cmol kg⁻¹			56 cmol kg⁻¹	55 cmol kg⁻¹
Soil Cation Exchange Capacity	13 cmol kg⁻¹	14 cmol kg⁻¹	23 cmol kg⁻¹	15 cmol kg⁻¹	88 cmol kg⁻¹			15 cmol kg⁻¹	15 cmol kg⁻¹	15 cmol kg⁻¹			11 cmol kg⁻¹	15 cmol kg⁻¹
Base Saturation	100 %	96 %	90 %	88 %	96 %			90 %	90 %	90 %			89 %	93 %
Total Exchangeable Bases	20.7 cmol kg⁻¹	15.2 cmol kg⁻¹	22.3 cmol kg⁻¹	10.7 cmol kg⁻¹	81.8 cmol kg⁻¹			12 cmol kg⁻¹	12 cmol kg⁻¹	12 cmol kg⁻¹			10.3 cmol kg⁻¹	15.1 cmol kg⁻¹
Calcium Carbonate	12.2 %	2.5 %	2.2 %	4 %	0 %			0 %	0 %	0 %			0 %	0.1 %
Calcium Sulphate	0.2 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %			0 %	0 %	0 %			0 %	0 %
Exchangeable Sodium	3 %	3 %	2 %	1 %	1 %			1 %	1 %	1 %			2 %	2 %
Electrical Conductivity	0.5 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1			0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1			0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1

Soil data provided by FAO/IIASA/ISRIC/ISSCAS/JRC, 2012. Harmonized World Soil Database (version 1.2). FAO, Rome, Italy and IIASA, Laxenburg, Austria.

Köppen climate classification provided by Kottek, M., J. Grieser, C. Beck, B. Rudolf, and F. Rubel, 2006: World Map of Köppen-Geiger Climate Classification updated. Meteorol. Z., 15, 259-263