World Species : Protected Area : Ponor

Ponor

Location:	Bulgaria
Area:	77,541 acres (31,380 hectares)
Species:	All Endangered Invasive
Climate:	View Climate Data
Land Use:	View Land Use Data
Köppen climate classification:	Cfb (Climate: warm temperate; Precipitation: fully humid; Temperature: warm summer)
Natura 2000 Data Sheet:	View Data Sheet Explanatory notes

Ecoregions

Balkan mixed forests
Rodope montane mixed forests

Soils

— Protected Area Boundary

	A				B			C		D					E

Share	40 %	35 %	15 %	10 %	70 %	20 %	10 %	85 %	15 %	80 %	10 %	5 %	3 %	2 %	70 %	15 %	5 %	3 %	2 %	2 %	2 %	1 %
Soil Type	Dystric Cambisols	Eutric Cambisols	Umbric Leptosols	Lithic Leptosols	Eutric Cambisols	Rendzic Leptosols	Lithic Leptosols	Lithic Leptosols	Rendzic Leptosols	Rendzic Leptosols	Lithic Leptosols	Chromic Cambisols	Eutric Cambisols	Calcaric Regosols	Eutric Vertisols	Vertic Luvisols	Eutric Cambisols	Haplic Luvisols	Humic Cambisols	Umbric Gleysols	Dystric Cambisols	Lithic Leptosols
Topsoil Texture	Medium	Medium	Medium	Medium	Medium	Medium	Medium	Medium	Medium	Medium	Medium	Medium	Medium	Medium	Fine	Medium	Medium	Medium	Medium	Medium	Medium	Medium
Reference Depth	100 cm	100 cm	30 cm	10 cm	100 cm	30 cm	10 cm	10 cm	30 cm	30 cm	10 cm	100 cm	100 cm	100 cm	100 cm	100 cm	100 cm	100 cm	100 cm	100 cm	100 cm	10 cm
Drainage	Moderately well	Moderately well	Imperfectly	Imperfectly	Moderately well	Imperfectly	Imperfectly	Imperfectly	Imperfectly	Imperfectly	Imperfectly	Moderately well	Moderately well	Moderately well	Poor	Moderately well	Moderately well	Moderately well	Moderately well	Poor	Moderately well	Imperfectly
Available Water Capacity	100 m	100 m	15 mm	15 mm	100 m	15 mm	15 mm	15 mm	15 mm	50 mm	15 mm	150 m	150 m	150 m	125 m	150 m	150 m	150 m	150 m	150 m	150 m	15 mm
Phase 1	Stony	Stony	Stony	Stony	Stony	Stony	Stony	Stony	Stony
Root Obstacle	None to 80 cm	None to 80 cm			None to 80 cm
Impermeable Layer	None to 150 cm	None to 150 cm			None to 150 cm
Soil Water Regime	Not wet within 80 cm for over 3 months, nor wet within 40 cm for over 1 month	Not wet within 80 cm for over 3 months, nor wet within 40 cm for over 1 month			Not wet within 80 cm for over 3 months, nor wet within 40 cm for over 1 month
Misc. Property															Vertic (cracks of more than 1 cm wide)	Vertic (cracks of more than 1 cm wide)
Topsoil Properties
Gravel	10 %	9 %	6 %	21 %	9 %	16 %	21 %	21 %	16 %	16 %	21 %	10 %	9 %	14 %	4 %	5 %	9 %	4 %	8 %	4 %	10 %	21 %
Sand	42 %	42 %	49 %	42 %	42 %	37 %	42 %	42 %	37 %	37 %	42 %	49 %	42 %	44 %	19 %	42 %	42 %	41 %	41 %	38 %	42 %	42 %
Silt	38 %	36 %	31 %	34 %	36 %	44 %	34 %	34 %	44 %	44 %	34 %	28 %	36 %	35 %	25 %	31 %	36 %	37 %	36 %	42 %	38 %	34 %
Clay	20 %	22 %	20 %	24 %	22 %	19 %	24 %	24 %	19 %	19 %	24 %	23 %	22 %	21 %	56 %	27 %	22 %	22 %	23 %	20 %	20 %	24 %
USDA Texture	Loam	Loam	Loam	Loam	Loam	Loam	Loam	Loam	Loam	Loam	Loam	Loam	Loam	Loam	Clay	Clay loam	Loam	Loam	Loam	Loam	Loam	Loam
Reference Bulk Density	1.41 g/cm³	1.4 g/cm³	1.43 g/cm³	1.38 g/cm³	1.4 g/cm³	1.41 g/cm³	1.38 g/cm³	1.38 g/cm³	1.41 g/cm³	1.41 g/cm³	1.38 g/cm³	1.4 g/cm³	1.4 g/cm³	1.41 g/cm³	1.22 g/cm³	1.37 g/cm³	1.4 g/cm³	1.4 g/cm³	1.39 g/cm³	1.4 g/cm³	1.41 g/cm³	1.38 g/cm³
Bulk Density	1.3 g/cm³	1.37 g/cm³	1.1 g/cm³	1.3 g/cm³	1.37 g/cm³	1.24 g/cm³	1.3 g/cm³	1.3 g/cm³	1.24 g/cm³	1.24 g/cm³	1.3 g/cm³	1.31 g/cm³	1.37 g/cm³	1.37 g/cm³	1.56 g/cm³	1.3 g/cm³	1.37 g/cm³	1.43 g/cm³	1.1 g/cm³	1.31 g/cm³	1.3 g/cm³	1.3 g/cm³
Organic Carbon	1.45 %	1 %	2.4 %	1.61 %	1 %	2.13 %	1.61 %	1.61 %	2.13 %	2.13 %	1.61 %	0.98 %	1 %	0.75 %	1.05 %	0.48 %	1 %	0.74 %	2.72 %	4.59 %	1.45 %	1.61 %
PH	5.1	6.6	5.1	7.5	6.6	7.5	7.5	7.5	7.5	7.5	7.5	6.6	6.6	8	6.9	7.2	6.6	6.5	5.3	5.2	5.1	7.5
Clay Cation Exchange Capacity	32 cmol kg⁻¹	55 cmol kg⁻¹	34 cmol kg⁻¹	42 cmol kg⁻¹	55 cmol kg⁻¹	80 cmol kg⁻¹	42 cmol kg⁻¹	42 cmol kg⁻¹	80 cmol kg⁻¹	80 cmol kg⁻¹	42 cmol kg⁻¹	42 cmol kg⁻¹	55 cmol kg⁻¹	45 cmol kg⁻¹	70 cmol kg⁻¹	63 cmol kg⁻¹	55 cmol kg⁻¹	47 cmol kg⁻¹	52 cmol kg⁻¹	34 cmol kg⁻¹	32 cmol kg⁻¹	42 cmol kg⁻¹
Soil Cation Exchange Capacity	12 cmol kg⁻¹	16 cmol kg⁻¹	12 cmol kg⁻¹	16 cmol kg⁻¹	16 cmol kg⁻¹	27 cmol kg⁻¹	16 cmol kg⁻¹	16 cmol kg⁻¹	27 cmol kg⁻¹	27 cmol kg⁻¹	16 cmol kg⁻¹	13 cmol kg⁻¹	16 cmol kg⁻¹	17 cmol kg⁻¹	43 cmol kg⁻¹	20 cmol kg⁻¹	16 cmol kg⁻¹	13 cmol kg⁻¹	21 cmol kg⁻¹	20 cmol kg⁻¹	12 cmol kg⁻¹	16 cmol kg⁻¹
Base Saturation	38 %	93 %	36 %	100 %	93 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	83 %	93 %	100 %	100 %	99 %	93 %	91 %	25 %	82 %	38 %	100 %
Total Exchangeable Bases	4.3 cmol kg⁻¹	14 cmol kg⁻¹	4.7 cmol kg⁻¹	15.5 cmol kg⁻¹	14 cmol kg⁻¹	28.8 cmol kg⁻¹	15.5 cmol kg⁻¹	15.5 cmol kg⁻¹	28.8 cmol kg⁻¹	28.8 cmol kg⁻¹	15.5 cmol kg⁻¹	11.6 cmol kg⁻¹	14 cmol kg⁻¹	26.8 cmol kg⁻¹	40.9 cmol kg⁻¹	22.1 cmol kg⁻¹	14 cmol kg⁻¹	11 cmol kg⁻¹	5.4 cmol kg⁻¹	1.8 cmol kg⁻¹	4.3 cmol kg⁻¹	15.5 cmol kg⁻¹
Calcium Carbonate	0 %	0 %	0 %	3.9 %	0 %	6 %	3.9 %	3.9 %	6 %	6 %	3.9 %	0.1 %	0 %	15 %	0.2 %	0.3 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	3.9 %
Calcium Sulphate	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %
Exchangeable Sodium	2 %	2 %	4 %	3 %	2 %	2 %	3 %	3 %	2 %	2 %	3 %	2 %	2 %	2 %	1 %	1 %	2 %	1 %	1 %	2 %	2 %	3 %
Electrical Conductivity	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.2 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1
Subsoil Properties
Gravel	19 %	12 %			12 %							9 %	12 %	18 %	5 %	7 %	12 %	3 %	6 %	5 %	19 %
Sand	45 %	41 %			41 %							47 %	41 %	40 %	18 %	34 %	41 %	37 %	44 %	38 %	45 %
Silt	35 %	34 %			34 %							26 %	34 %	35 %	24 %	28 %	34 %	34 %	32 %	32 %	35 %
Clay	20 %	25 %			25 %							27 %	25 %	25 %	58 %	38 %	25 %	29 %	24 %	30 %	20 %
USDA Texture	Loam	Loam			Loam							Sandy clay loam	Loam	Loam	Clay	Clay loam	Loam	Clay loam	Loam	Clay loam	Loam
Reference Bulk Density	1.42 g/cm³	1.38 g/cm³			1.38 g/cm³							1.38 g/cm³	1.38 g/cm³	1.37 g/cm³	1.21 g/cm³	1.3 g/cm³	1.38 g/cm³	1.35 g/cm³	1.39 g/cm³	1.34 g/cm³	1.42 g/cm³
Bulk Density	1.36 g/cm³	1.39 g/cm³			1.39 g/cm³							1.44 g/cm³	1.39 g/cm³	1.5 g/cm³	1.6 g/cm³	1.47 g/cm³	1.39 g/cm³	1.51 g/cm³	1.16 g/cm³	1.49 g/cm³	1.36 g/cm³
Organic Carbon	0.5 %	0.37 %			0.37 %							0.47 %	0.37 %	0.47 %	0.59 %	0.38 %	0.37 %	0.36 %	1.07 %	0.67 %	0.5 %
PH	5.2	7			7							6.7	7	8.1	7.5	7.4	7	6.7	5.3	5.2	5.2
Clay Cation Exchange Capacity	35 cmol kg⁻¹	55 cmol kg⁻¹			55 cmol kg⁻¹							44 cmol kg⁻¹	55 cmol kg⁻¹	52 cmol kg⁻¹	70 cmol kg⁻¹	69 cmol kg⁻¹	55 cmol kg⁻¹	50 cmol kg⁻¹	37 cmol kg⁻¹	38 cmol kg⁻¹	35 cmol kg⁻¹
Soil Cation Exchange Capacity	9 cmol kg⁻¹	15 cmol kg⁻¹			15 cmol kg⁻¹							15 cmol kg⁻¹	15 cmol kg⁻¹	15 cmol kg⁻¹	42 cmol kg⁻¹	27 cmol kg⁻¹	15 cmol kg⁻¹	14 cmol kg⁻¹	14 cmol kg⁻¹	11 cmol kg⁻¹	9 cmol kg⁻¹
Base Saturation	33 %	93 %			93 %							92 %	93 %	100 %	100 %	98 %	93 %	93 %	30 %	86 %	33 %
Total Exchangeable Bases	2.6 cmol kg⁻¹	15.1 cmol kg⁻¹			15.1 cmol kg⁻¹							11.9 cmol kg⁻¹	15.1 cmol kg⁻¹	36.5 cmol kg⁻¹	44.2 cmol kg⁻¹	25.8 cmol kg⁻¹	15.1 cmol kg⁻¹	13.1 cmol kg⁻¹	2.5 cmol kg⁻¹	10 cmol kg⁻¹	2.6 cmol kg⁻¹
Calcium Carbonate	0 %	0.1 %			0.1 %							0.1 %	0.1 %	15 %	0.8 %	6 %	0.1 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %
Calcium Sulphate	0 %	0 %			0 %							0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %
Exchangeable Sodium	2 %	2 %			2 %							1 %	2 %	2 %	2 %	4 %	2 %	1 %	2 %	4 %	2 %
Electrical Conductivity	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1			0.1 dS m-1							0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.3 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1

Soil data provided by FAO/IIASA/ISRIC/ISSCAS/JRC, 2012. Harmonized World Soil Database (version 1.2). FAO, Rome, Italy and IIASA, Laxenburg, Austria.

Köppen climate classification provided by Kottek, M., J. Grieser, C. Beck, B. Rudolf, and F. Rubel, 2006: World Map of Köppen-Geiger Climate Classification updated. Meteorol. Z., 15, 259-263