World Species : Protected Area : Karlukovski Karst

Karlukovski Karst

Location:	Bulgaria
Area:	35,110 acres (14,209 hectares)
Species:	All Endangered Invasive
Climate:	View Climate Data
Land Use:	View Land Use Data
Köppen climate classification:	Cfa (Climate: warm temperate; Precipitation: fully humid; Temperature: hot summer)
Natura 2000 Data Sheet:	View Data Sheet Explanatory notes

Ecoregions

Balkan mixed forests

Soils

— Protected Area Boundary

	A				B				C					D

Share	75 %	10 %	10 %	5 %	40 %	30 %	25 %	5 %	50 %	30 %	10 %	5 %	5 %	85 %	15 %
Soil Type	Luvic Phaeozems	Calcaric Regosols	Eutric Regosols	Luvic Chernozems	Chromic Luvisols	Haplic Luvisols	Eutric Regosols	Calcaric Regosols	Calcaric Fluvisols	Eutric Fluvisols	Gleyic Phaeozems	Mollic Gleysols	Terric Histosols	Lithic Leptosols	Rendzic Leptosols
Topsoil Texture	Medium	Medium	Medium	Fine	Medium	Medium	Medium	Medium	Medium	Medium	Medium	Medium	Medium	Medium	Medium
Reference Depth	100 cm	100 cm	100 cm	100 cm	100 cm	100 cm	100 cm	100 cm	100 cm	100 cm	100 cm	100 cm	100 cm	10 cm	30 cm
Drainage	Moderately well	Moderately well	Moderately well	Moderately well	Moderately well	Moderately well	Moderately well	Moderately well	Poor	Poor	Poor	Poor	Very poor	Imperfectly	Imperfectly
Available Water Capacity	150 m	150 m	150 m	150 m	150 m	150 m	150 m	150 m	150 m	150 m	150 m	150 m	150 m	15 mm	15 mm
Phase 1														Stony	Stony
Root Obstacle	None to 80 cm	None to 80 cm	None to 80 cm	None to 80 cm	None to 80 cm	None to 80 cm	None to 80 cm	None to 80 cm	None to 80 cm	None to 80 cm	None to 80 cm	None to 80 cm
Impermeable Layer	None to 150 cm	None to 150 cm	None to 150 cm	None to 150 cm	None to 150 cm	None to 150 cm	None to 150 cm	None to 150 cm	None to 150 cm	None to 150 cm	None to 150 cm	None to 150 cm
Soil Water Regime	Not wet within 80 cm for over 3 months, nor wet within 40 cm for over 1 month	Not wet within 80 cm for over 3 months, nor wet within 40 cm for over 1 month	Not wet within 80 cm for over 3 months, nor wet within 40 cm for over 1 month	Not wet within 80 cm for over 3 months, nor wet within 40 cm for over 1 month	Not wet within 80 cm for over 3 months, nor wet within 40 cm for over 1 month	Not wet within 80 cm for over 3 months, nor wet within 40 cm for over 1 month	Not wet within 80 cm for over 3 months, nor wet within 40 cm for over 1 month	Not wet within 80 cm for over 3 months, nor wet within 40 cm for over 1 month	Not wet within 80 cm for over 3 months, nor wet within 40 cm for over 1 month	Not wet within 80 cm for over 3 months, nor wet within 40 cm for over 1 month	Not wet within 80 cm for over 3 months, nor wet within 40 cm for over 1 month	Not wet within 80 cm for over 3 months, nor wet within 40 cm for over 1 month
Topsoil Properties
Gravel	4 %	14 %	25 %	4 %	12 %	4 %	25 %	14 %	15 %	4 %	3 %	4 %	28 %	21 %	16 %
Sand	35 %	44 %	47 %	19 %	48 %	41 %	47 %	44 %	34 %	39 %	35 %	39 %	35 %	42 %	37 %
Silt	40 %	35 %	34 %	37 %	28 %	37 %	34 %	35 %	48 %	40 %	42 %	39 %	33 %	34 %	44 %
Clay	25 %	21 %	19 %	44 %	24 %	22 %	19 %	21 %	18 %	21 %	23 %	22 %	32 %	24 %	19 %
USDA Texture	Loam	Loam	Loam	Clay	Loam	Loam	Loam	Loam	Loam	Loam	Loam	Loam	Clay loam	Loam	Loam
Reference Bulk Density	1.36 g/cm³	1.41 g/cm³	1.43 g/cm³	1.25 g/cm³	1.4 g/cm³	1.4 g/cm³	1.43 g/cm³	1.41 g/cm³	1.41 g/cm³	1.4 g/cm³	1.38 g/cm³	1.39 g/cm³	1.32 g/cm³	1.38 g/cm³	1.41 g/cm³
Bulk Density	1.29 g/cm³	1.37 g/cm³	1.21 g/cm³	1.23 g/cm³	1.53 g/cm³	1.43 g/cm³	1.21 g/cm³	1.37 g/cm³	1.39 g/cm³	1.36 g/cm³	1.38 g/cm³	1.28 g/cm³	0.28 g/cm³	1.3 g/cm³	1.24 g/cm³
Organic Carbon	1.68 %	0.75 %	0.98 %	2.44 %	0.83 %	0.74 %	0.98 %	0.75 %	0.6 %	0.86 %	1.26 %	1.65 %	39.4 %	1.61 %	2.13 %
PH	6.2	8	6.4	7.2	6.3	6.5	6.4	8	8	7.2	5.7	6.6	5.6	7.5	7.5
Clay Cation Exchange Capacity	52 cmol kg⁻¹	45 cmol kg⁻¹	40 cmol kg⁻¹	65 cmol kg⁻¹	39 cmol kg⁻¹	47 cmol kg⁻¹	40 cmol kg⁻¹	45 cmol kg⁻¹	68 cmol kg⁻¹	63 cmol kg⁻¹	51 cmol kg⁻¹	45 cmol kg⁻¹	45 cmol kg⁻¹	42 cmol kg⁻¹	80 cmol kg⁻¹
Soil Cation Exchange Capacity	20 cmol kg⁻¹	17 cmol kg⁻¹	12 cmol kg⁻¹	38 cmol kg⁻¹	12 cmol kg⁻¹	13 cmol kg⁻¹	12 cmol kg⁻¹	17 cmol kg⁻¹	14 cmol kg⁻¹	16 cmol kg⁻¹	16 cmol kg⁻¹	17 cmol kg⁻¹	87 cmol kg⁻¹	16 cmol kg⁻¹	27 cmol kg⁻¹
Base Saturation	87 %	100 %	78 %	100 %	88 %	91 %	78 %	100 %	100 %	91 %	84 %	87 %	75 %	100 %	100 %
Total Exchangeable Bases	16.1 cmol kg⁻¹	26.8 cmol kg⁻¹	14 cmol kg⁻¹	42 cmol kg⁻¹	10 cmol kg⁻¹	11 cmol kg⁻¹	14 cmol kg⁻¹	26.8 cmol kg⁻¹	19.8 cmol kg⁻¹	16.9 cmol kg⁻¹	13.8 cmol kg⁻¹	9.8 cmol kg⁻¹	59.5 cmol kg⁻¹	15.5 cmol kg⁻¹	28.8 cmol kg⁻¹
Calcium Carbonate	0 %	15 %	0 %	4.2 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	15 %	11.7 %	0.5 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	3.9 %	6 %
Calcium Sulphate	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0.2 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %
Exchangeable Sodium	1 %	2 %	1 %	1 %	1 %	1 %	1 %	2 %	3 %	2 %	2 %	2 %	1 %	3 %	2 %
Electrical Conductivity	0.1 dS m-1	0.2 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.5 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.2 dS m-1	0.7 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1
Subsoil Properties
Gravel	5 %	18 %	28 %	6 %	8 %	3 %	28 %	18 %	10 %	7 %	5 %	3 %	5 %
Sand	30 %	40 %	51 %	14 %	41 %	37 %	51 %	40 %	36 %	41 %	29 %	37 %	52 %
Silt	36 %	35 %	31 %	39 %	25 %	34 %	31 %	35 %	46 %	38 %	38 %	35 %	23 %
Clay	34 %	25 %	18 %	47 %	34 %	29 %	18 %	25 %	18 %	21 %	33 %	28 %	25 %
USDA Texture	Clay loam	Loam	Loam	Clay	Clay loam	Clay loam	Loam	Loam	Loam	Loam	Clay loam	Clay loam	Sandy clay loam
Reference Bulk Density	1.31 g/cm³	1.37 g/cm³	1.44 g/cm³	1.23 g/cm³	1.33 g/cm³	1.35 g/cm³	1.44 g/cm³	1.37 g/cm³	1.41 g/cm³	1.4 g/cm³	1.31 g/cm³	1.35 g/cm³	1.38 g/cm³
Bulk Density	1.37 g/cm³	1.5 g/cm³	1.45 g/cm³	1.37 g/cm³	1.51 g/cm³	1.51 g/cm³	1.45 g/cm³	1.5 g/cm³	1.41 g/cm³	1.39 g/cm³	1.44 g/cm³	1.35 g/cm³	0.18 g/cm³
Organic Carbon	0.68 %	0.47 %	0.4 %	1.25 %	0.4 %	0.36 %	0.4 %	0.47 %	0.4 %	0.38 %	0.5 %	0.69 %	38.46 %
PH	6.9	8.1	6.9	7.3	6.4	6.7	6.9	8.1	8.1	7.5	6.9	7.2	5.8
Clay Cation Exchange Capacity	64 cmol kg⁻¹	52 cmol kg⁻¹	56 cmol kg⁻¹	58 cmol kg⁻¹	41 cmol kg⁻¹	50 cmol kg⁻¹	56 cmol kg⁻¹	52 cmol kg⁻¹	84 cmol kg⁻¹	61 cmol kg⁻¹	62 cmol kg⁻¹	44 cmol kg⁻¹	49 cmol kg⁻¹
Soil Cation Exchange Capacity	24 cmol kg⁻¹	15 cmol kg⁻¹	11 cmol kg⁻¹	30 cmol kg⁻¹	15 cmol kg⁻¹	14 cmol kg⁻¹	11 cmol kg⁻¹	15 cmol kg⁻¹	13 cmol kg⁻¹	14 cmol kg⁻¹	23 cmol kg⁻¹	15 cmol kg⁻¹	88 cmol kg⁻¹
Base Saturation	92 %	100 %	89 %	100 %	90 %	93 %	89 %	100 %	100 %	96 %	90 %	88 %	96 %
Total Exchangeable Bases	23.8 cmol kg⁻¹	36.5 cmol kg⁻¹	10.3 cmol kg⁻¹	40 cmol kg⁻¹	12 cmol kg⁻¹	13.1 cmol kg⁻¹	10.3 cmol kg⁻¹	36.5 cmol kg⁻¹	20.7 cmol kg⁻¹	15.2 cmol kg⁻¹	22.3 cmol kg⁻¹	10.7 cmol kg⁻¹	81.8 cmol kg⁻¹
Calcium Carbonate	0.4 %	15 %	0 %	7.8 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	15 %	12.2 %	2.5 %	2.2 %	4 %	0 %
Calcium Sulphate	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0.2 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %
Exchangeable Sodium	2 %	2 %	2 %	1 %	1 %	1 %	2 %	2 %	3 %	3 %	2 %	1 %	1 %
Electrical Conductivity	0.1 dS m-1	0.3 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.5 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.3 dS m-1	0.5 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1	0.1 dS m-1

Soil data provided by FAO/IIASA/ISRIC/ISSCAS/JRC, 2012. Harmonized World Soil Database (version 1.2). FAO, Rome, Italy and IIASA, Laxenburg, Austria.

Köppen climate classification provided by Kottek, M., J. Grieser, C. Beck, B. Rudolf, and F. Rubel, 2006: World Map of Köppen-Geiger Climate Classification updated. Meteorol. Z., 15, 259-263