Parc National Steneto

Location:Bulgaria
IUCN Category:Ib
Area:8,900 acres (3,602 hectares)
Species:All  Endangered  Invasive
Climate:View Climate Data
Land Use:View Land Use Data
Köppen climate classification:Dfb (Climate: snow; Precipitation: fully humid; Temperature: warm summer)

Ecoregions

Rodope montane mixed forests

Soils

Protected Area Boundary
 AB
   
Share40 %35 %15 %10 %60 %20 %15 %5 %
Soil TypeDystric CambisolsEutric CambisolsUmbric LeptosolsLithic LeptosolsHumic CambisolsRendzic LeptosolsLithic LeptosolsLithic Leptosols
Topsoil TextureMediumMediumMediumMediumMediumMediumMediumMedium
Reference Depth100 cm100 cm30 cm10 cm100 cm30 cm10 cm10 cm
DrainageModerately wellModerately wellImperfectlyImperfectlyModerately wellImperfectlyImperfectlyImperfectly
Available Water Capacity100 m100 m15 mm15 mm100 m15 mm15 mm15 mm
Phase 1StonyStonyStonyStonyStonyStonyStonyStony
Root ObstacleNone to 80 cmNone to 80 cm  None to 80 cm   
Impermeable LayerNone to 150 cmNone to 150 cm  None to 150 cm   
Soil Water RegimeNot wet within 80 cm for over 3 months, nor wet within 40 cm for over 1 monthNot wet within 80 cm for over 3 months, nor wet within 40 cm for over 1 month  Not wet within 80 cm for over 3 months, nor wet within 40 cm for over 1 month   
Topsoil Properties
Gravel10 %9 %6 %21 %8 %16 %21 %21 %
Sand42 %42 %49 %42 %41 %37 %42 %42 %
Silt38 %36 %31 %34 %36 %44 %34 %34 %
Clay20 %22 %20 %24 %23 %19 %24 %24 %
USDA TextureLoamLoamLoamLoamLoamLoamLoamLoam
Reference Bulk Density1.41 g/cm³1.4 g/cm³1.43 g/cm³1.38 g/cm³1.39 g/cm³1.41 g/cm³1.38 g/cm³1.38 g/cm³
Bulk Density1.3 g/cm³1.37 g/cm³1.1 g/cm³1.3 g/cm³1.1 g/cm³1.24 g/cm³1.3 g/cm³1.3 g/cm³
Organic Carbon1.45 %1 %2.4 %1.61 %2.72 %2.13 %1.61 %1.61 %
PH5.16.65.17.55.37.57.57.5
Clay Cation Exchange Capacity32 cmol kg⁻¹55 cmol kg⁻¹34 cmol kg⁻¹42 cmol kg⁻¹52 cmol kg⁻¹80 cmol kg⁻¹42 cmol kg⁻¹42 cmol kg⁻¹
Soil Cation Exchange Capacity12 cmol kg⁻¹16 cmol kg⁻¹12 cmol kg⁻¹16 cmol kg⁻¹21 cmol kg⁻¹27 cmol kg⁻¹16 cmol kg⁻¹16 cmol kg⁻¹
Base Saturation38 %93 %36 %100 %25 %100 %100 %100 %
Total Exchangeable Bases4.3 cmol kg⁻¹14 cmol kg⁻¹4.7 cmol kg⁻¹15.5 cmol kg⁻¹5.4 cmol kg⁻¹28.8 cmol kg⁻¹15.5 cmol kg⁻¹15.5 cmol kg⁻¹
Calcium Carbonate0 %0 %0 %3.9 %0 %6 %3.9 %3.9 %
Calcium Sulphate0 %0 %0 %0 %0 %0 %0 %0 %
Exchangeable Sodium2 %2 %4 %3 %1 %2 %3 %3 %
Electrical Conductivity0.1 dS m-10.1 dS m-10.1 dS m-10.1 dS m-10.1 dS m-10.1 dS m-10.1 dS m-10.1 dS m-1
Subsoil Properties
Gravel19 %12 %  6 %   
Sand45 %41 %  44 %   
Silt35 %34 %  32 %   
Clay20 %25 %  24 %   
USDA TextureLoamLoam  Loam   
Reference Bulk Density1.42 g/cm³1.38 g/cm³  1.39 g/cm³   
Bulk Density1.36 g/cm³1.39 g/cm³  1.16 g/cm³   
Organic Carbon0.5 %0.37 %  1.07 %   
PH5.27  5.3   
Clay Cation Exchange Capacity35 cmol kg⁻¹55 cmol kg⁻¹  37 cmol kg⁻¹   
Soil Cation Exchange Capacity9 cmol kg⁻¹15 cmol kg⁻¹  14 cmol kg⁻¹   
Base Saturation33 %93 %  30 %   
Total Exchangeable Bases2.6 cmol kg⁻¹15.1 cmol kg⁻¹  2.5 cmol kg⁻¹   
Calcium Carbonate0 %0.1 %  0 %   
Calcium Sulphate0 %0 %  0 %   
Exchangeable Sodium2 %2 %  2 %   
Electrical Conductivity0.1 dS m-10.1 dS m-1  0.1 dS m-1   
Soil data provided by FAO/IIASA/ISRIC/ISSCAS/JRC, 2012. Harmonized World Soil Database (version 1.2). FAO, Rome, Italy and IIASA, Laxenburg, Austria.
Köppen climate classification provided by Kottek, M., J. Grieser, C. Beck, B. Rudolf, and F. Rubel, 2006: World Map of Köppen-Geiger Climate Classification updated. Meteorol. Z., 15, 259-263